The Transformational Leadership Style Business Essay

The Transformational Leadership Style Business Essay This assignment describes the development and transformation process of State Trading Organization Public limited (Here Onward STO). STO strived to provide to Maldivian market, products ranging from staples (like rice sugar and flour), medicine, quality merchandise, and improved construction material, oil and state-of-the-art consumer goods as well other general trading products. Due to newly established democracy and regulations, innovation imported by FDI and service level challenges STO to fundamentally rethink their business and reformulate their strategies. The nation was growing, and so were the nations demands. The organization is established in the year 1964. For four decades STO was known as the market leader. However, it lasted till the industry was opened for foreign and domestic competition in 2005 under economic and political reforms in 2001. Hence, STO foreseeing the competitive and political challenges, the organizing aimed a broader transformation towards becoming a market oriented company. This paper will cover mainly two sections. Firstly, the paper has studied the company background as the introduction of this assignment. Secondly, it has attempted to understand why change is important for organizations to adopt in todays business environment. Therefore, through highlighting on the external factors such as political, Economical, Social and Technological factors (PEST factors) that are as drivers of change, has been given importance as the literature of the subject. Consequently, the main part of the paper: finding the facts, assessing the findings, discussing and analyzing the situation which will help in understanding the strengths and weakness of the subject being studied in this assignment was thoroughly evaluated as the primary component of the paper. In addition, it has given insights into the importance of leadership in bringing changes effectively and explains the opposition and challenges faced by STO. Thus, causing STO to reconsider and reformulate in various business strategies like Leadership, people engagement and change management methods to become customer friendly and improve its image. This assignment will highlight various future challenges awaiting STO and recommendation for actions. INTRODUCTION Company Background The beginning of State Trading Organization Plc, (formerly known as (ATA) Athireege maafannu Trading Agency) is a registered organization. The roots of State Trading Organization PLC, dates back to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(website) 1964 when it was opened to finance the purchasing and importation of essential food items needed for the Maldivian community in bulk. Today STO has sustained this important responsibility to oversee the food security concerns of government and diversified into many other areas of importance such as energy needs of the country which has now become part and parcel of STOs mandate. Within the framework that includes these two areas, STO has diversified and is also competitively engaged in trading in other areas including Consumer Electronics, Home appliances, Medicals, Canned foods, Health foods and a range of other high quality products. This has been achieved by direct procurement and distribution as well as forming joint ventures to effectively trade in areas where STO might have been at disadvantage had STO not been able to do so, while still maintaining a strong hold with the Government as the primary trading partner of choice. State Trading Organization plc with its subsidiaries, a joint ventures and associates is a nationwide leader in the business sector. It has significant and focused interests in petroleum, construction materials, electronic items, cooking gas, cement, roofing sheets products, home appliances, super markets and insurance. The company is geographically diverse, with operations and developments in Maldives and Singapore. Diversification is the one of the most important strategies in STO. Therefore STO is entering different business sector like, Tourism, aviation, oil business, construction, agricultural produce and real estate business. METHOD OF INVESTIGATION Most of the information about the various strategies utilized by STO to face competitive challenges was acquired through numerous interviews with managers and employees of STO. Other pieces of information were also gathered through the companys website and local media. The websites and publications of the governments numerous ministries and departments are considered the main sources of information on topics related to the governments policies, regulations and laws. Information regarding trade regulations and policies are taken from the Ministry of Economic Developments annual reports, as well as from the statistical reports that they periodically publish online. In addition to these sources several pieces of information were also acquired through STOs annual report of 2011 and the Quarterly report of 2012 LITERATURE REVIEW The liberalization of Maldives economy and trade regulation has led to market widening , attraction of new foreign investments in well known companys and competition that has led to reduced prices, latest and innovative services, quality products and better customer care. As is suggested by Bortolotti, Bernanrdo, Juliet DSouza, Marcella Fantini, and DomenicoSiniscalco(2002 cited in SilivioContessi 2004 p.3)1the infrastructure investment fosters market interaction and competition through three channels direct market selection, restructuring and entry. As is the theme of this paper, how leadership and people engagement transformed and restructured STO to a market oriented firm to confront the competition from FDI. However, the liberalization was not fully effective due to the certain exclusivities provided to STO such as Government major share. Recent changes in political platform and FDI regulation STO need to be able to adapt different leadership style like, autocratic, democratic leadership Style and other shifting circumstances and cope with those changes (Moment, 2007)2.   Every organization needs leaders who can change as fast as market conditions do (Newcomb, 2005, p. 34)3.   Business needs can change rapidly and employees look to their leaders to guide them through change.   Uncertainty in leaders can lead to a lack of faith by employees. Good leadership is critical to a successful school. Success comes from aiming high with the clear vision, ethos and communication that good leadership brings. We will act to support high quality school leadership and inspired ambitious school communities. (Ambitious, Excellent Schools Our Agenda for Action, Scottish Executive, 2004, p5)4 Research into transformational leadership in organizations has found links to improved employee commitment (Barling,webberKelloway ,1996)5,heightened trust in leadership (Bass B.M.,1990),and stronger connection with the vision (Howell and Shamir,2005)5 and thus alignment of effort with the (change) goal (Shamir,House, Arthur,November 1993 ) cited in cited in Sherry Scully 2008)5. Based on the research results it could be concluded transformational leadership may be more appropriate for STO undergoing transformation where motivation of employees and commitment to change comes from their intrinsic motivation. Future leaders and employee engagement will need to be conversant in doing business internationally and conceiving strategies on a global basis. Globalization will intensify the requirement that senior leaders deal effectively with a complex set of constituencies external to the organization. (e.g., responsibility for managing the companys interface with trade, regulatory, political, and media groups on a wide range of issues). Leadership development is rapidly moving to include substantial components involving international markets, world economic trends, and focus on particular regions such as the Asia Pacific rim (Cacioppe, 1998)6. Kotler and Heskett (1992 Cited inRezaGharoieAhangar 2009)7 identify successful leaders as those who repeatedly communicate their vision, allow people to challenge these messages and stimulate middle managers to take up the cause and provide leadership themselves, characteristics similar to transformational leadership. Likewise leaders foster an environment for building intellectual, managerial and leadership capabilities. The whole concept of transformational leadership linked with HPW is a process by which leaders and followers raise one another to a higher moral and motivational level Burns (1978 Cited in Reza 2009)7.Through this process senior managers share organizations vision to intellectually inspire, stimulate and empower the subordinates. (Bass and Avolio, 1994 cited in Reza 2009)7. 4.0 FACTS, FINDINGS Political Environment In year 1964, Maldives was a very peaceful and stable country. After 2008, the market has become volatile characterized with higher degree of uncertainty and complexity due to our political environment and reform movement. On average new regulations and laws are passed and enacted every month. Along with the democratization process came various legal changes to the economy including the introduction and changes to several laws and regulations, notably, the business profitability tax, Good and service tax, Tourism Tax, Tourism Land Rent, Bank Profit Tax, Duty Free Royalty, Foreign Investment Royalty, Fuel Re-Export Royalty and re-export tax directly influencing the STO business. The fact was highlighted in the STO Annual Report (2011 p.3) as a risk. The newly elected president in 2008 resigned half way through his term and claimed he resigned duress. Many believe its a coup. Therefore, our political environment is at very high risk. This volatile and serious political environment is affecting each and every business of this country. The political situation influenced the business strategies of STO. Hence, most of the decisions were politically driven instead of the business motive. Economical: Global recession hit badly along with the rising fuel prices. It had adversely affected the company in two ways. Firstly, recession has led to fall in income, so consumers are spending less on Home improvement items (like Electronics, kitchen appliance) resulting in decrease sales and increasing storage cost and thus in the drop in company profitability. The unexpected plunge in exchange rate of Rufiyaa against US Dollar, coupled with the continuing problem of foreign exchange shortages caused major impact on the business performance. This was highlighted in the STO annual report (2011 p.7 MDs Message).The depreciation of the Maldivian Currency (Rufiyaa) following the introduction of the exchange rate band in April 2011. Shortage of foreign currency reserve (US Dollar) is affecting STOs business. Because STO is importing most of the items from Singapore, Japan, Dubai and chain. Due to the change in government in 2008, changes to the trade policy and the implementation of new tax laws and regulation brought many challenges to STO in terms of foreign currency transactions. Social: Image of the company: Over the past few decades STO has been one of most leading and reputed company in Maldives (price and Quality).Due to recent changes in political and economic environment, STO is facing many challenges to maintain its reputation. STO is participated and contributed to a number of social activities that are designed to positively contribute to our socio-economic development and towards protecting our natural environment. These activities are in line with the company policy of being an exemplary leader in corporate social responsibility.(annual report 2011p.07) Due to the extensive government intervention on STOs business decisions, STOs reputation and image are affected According to daily newspaper (Haveeru daily) STO is engaging in corruption and fraudulent trading in Singapore. This created bad publicity and tainted the image of the company. Technology: STO understands the importance of developing its technology infrastructure and considers continuous changes in business environment and advancement in technology. In line with this, STO management team decided and implemented the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) to improve productivity, reducing operational cost and improving internal control and monitoring. This system provides day-to-day information to make decisions which will facilitate to transform the future of STO and employee engagement. STO has implemented the human resources module of the ERP system, which will facilitate more efficient management of payroll and other staff related matters(Annual Report 2011 p.07). EFFECTIVELY An organization cannot run without proper vision and guidance of a leader. In todays changing world the role of leadership is even more essential, to show direction towards change, convince employees and finally to set a strong foundation to successfully carrying out change. Faced with Political, Economical and Foreign competition, STO underwent recent changes where by its major strategies were rethought strengthening the whole strategic process through integration, bundling, Diversifying and focusing new industries like, Tourism and Real estate (Annual Report 2011, p.25) .STOs major shareholder the government as well as shareholders have to evolve and transform with the changes to the business environment to achieve a successful future for STO. Hence, the following part gives insight into the topic precisely. Transformational leadership style Developing vision After these major changes in business environment, STO is moving forward to achieve its vision. STO had a vision to become the most successful and the most efficient parent company (of a diversified group of subsidiaries) in the Maldives by the year 2014. Investing on tourism, real estate and aviation (Annual Report 2011, p.25) would allow STO to achieve its corporative goals. Therefore, it has to be noted that STOs vision is in accordance with one of the cores of transformational leadership. Finding the way deal with this dramatic changes STOs Board and Management team has charismatic personality which drives people to believe in leadership and that can influence people about change like how it is embedded into STOs slogan evolving with. Thus, a charismatic leader like the newly appointed Chairman and directors (appointed 2012) has used their personality leadership style to enhance the business by setting clear values and supportive culture for the employees as well as for the company. Due to major changes in political environment and the economy in Maldives, leaders must confront and take bold steps rather than being in the background even after changes in order to set an example for others and to ensure long term success of change plan as the external environment is very uncertain. HUMAN RESOURCE AS STRATEGIC ASSET STO promotes itself as employees are the most important asset in the organization with HR best practices. To promote HR strategy, implement the human resources module of the ERP system, which will facilitate more efficient management of payroll and other staff related matters. Among these STO has stated its HR strategy as follows: Selective hiring , retention and extensive development of employees STO promotes itself as an employees brand and this perception by the public has given STO distinctive benefits in terms of better attraction of necessary and new skills, employee retention and engagement making it easy for STO selective hiring and retention. STO strives to attract and retain a productive and an enthusiastic workforce. The Company ensures its remuneration packages are competitive. In order to motivate staff to attain higher levels of productivity, employees are given an incentive bonus of 3% of the net profit for the year if the company exceeds its annual profit targets(Annual Report 2011, p.27) Recognizing Employees commitment STO is able to create commitment among their employees. STO realizes that commitment is ultimately personal. To recognize employees hard work, shields of appreciation are given to those who serve more than 15 years and best employees (Annual Report 2011, p.27). Training and development of Employees Oakland, CA January 16, 2012 Bersin Associates, the premier research and consulting firm empowering Human Resource (HR) organizations to drive bottom-line impact, today announced new research that shows spending on employee development rose 9.5 percent to an average of $800 per learner in 2011, as organizations moved to combat the current skills gap in the labor market. During the year, STO conducted many short-term training programs, and provided career deployment opportunities to its employees in many different professional are as (Annual Report 2011, p.27). Employees engagement Most of the organizations are facing new challenges due to development of social media such as twitter and face book. Organizations need to have employees engagement strategy to overcome the challenges. Employee engagement plays a vital role in motivating the performance levels of the workforce. A motivated employee will seek out ways to accomplish a task. Employee engagement illustrates the commitment and energy that employees bring to work and is a key indicator of their involvement and dedication to the organization. Employees who are engaged are more productive, content and more likely to be loyal to an organization. When organizations put sound HR practices in place, they are more likely to discover that employees feel satisfied, safe and will work to their full potential .Therefore STO recognizing, values, support, feeling in different situation like, providing financial support through staff loan, discounts and awarding long service staff every year. Striving to attract and retain a productive and an enthusiastic workforce, STO recreation club (STORC) conducts many sport events to help foster camaraderie and team spirit among staffs.(Annual Report 2011, p.28). Performance management According to the University of California, Berkeley is committed to a performance management system that fosters and rewards excellent performance. Effective performance management aligns the efforts of supervisors and employees with departmental and campus goals, promotes consistency in performance assessment, motivates all employees to perform at their best, and is conducted with fairness and transparency. (Cited in http://hrweb.berkeley.edu/performance-management). STO has also been taking measures to evaluate and manage the performance of both individual employees and departments through performance auditing on HR and also through a performance evaluation at the end of every financial year. HPW and Employee Engagement STO is adopting high performance working practices through SAP ERP system. The system helps to align a complex set of organizational elements including Strategy, vision, Mission, and goal, management practice, organizational structure, work practices and process human resource and other systems such as technology. Continuous high performance work systems have been cited by STO and the company is now transitioning to a high performance working system. This will require the development of a strong communication system and organizational restructuring. CONCLUSION Transforming whole business environment in Maldives (PEST) factors are affecting STO business. Domestic and international competition STO has managed to retain its market position. As new challenges emerge the change process will be an ongoing process to maintain market position. As now STO has completely lost its remaining exclusivities it will face new challenges from Multinational chain like (ACE hardware) over retaining customers. Excellent HR practices and efforts retain existing employees as well as new. To tackle the future challenges STO is developing its human resource, redesigning organizational structure, using latest technology and innovative software to efficiency and effectiveness of its operation. To achieve organization mission and vision, STO is adopting high performance working practices, increasing employee engagement, review STO pay package and career development opportunities. Furthermore investing eco-friendly products and engaging CSR to transform the future challenges. Therefore STO come to a decision to diversify its business into different area like, aviation, real estate business and tourism industry to improve its financial performance. This will attract more investors and shareholders as well as all stakeholders. So this strategy will bring more opportunities to the business as well as public in future. RECOMMENDATION Dynamic and complex business and Political environment STO is facing many challenges as well as opportunities in future. Therefore STO needs to be more proactive to these changes, which can be perceived by the knowledgeable among the corporate: Even though STO is government owned company (Major Shareholders), too much of government influence and political motive decision may not be business and profit oriented. It should be balanced in terms of politics and profit or business. As STO faces new challenges due to implementing EPR system, lack of trained employees. Therefore STO need to Investing in training programs helps employees develop personally and professionally to adopt this incremental changes in its processes and operation especially the way HR works, good and services are delivered to the end customer for this transformational change alone will not do. STO need to implement more monitoring and control mechanism to employee recruitment, Conflict resolution at workplace. STO need to developed HR Policies and procedures and communicate the values of its organization and provide everyone fair and transparent promotion and rewarding system. 9.0BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Sung, Johhny and Ashton, David.High Performance Work Practices: linking strategy and skills to performance outcomes. s.l.  : Department of Trade and Industry, UK, 2005. 2. Schuler, A J. [Online] 2003. [Cited: 3 November 2011.] http://www.schulersolutions.com. 3. Recklies, Dagmar. [Online] 2001. [Cited: 4 November 2011.] http://www.themanager.org. 4. Canterucci, Jim. [Online] 2001. [Cited: 3 November 2011.] http://www.corpchange.com. 5. Nickols, Fred.Four Change Management Strategies. s.l.  : Distance Consulting LLC, 2010. Mike Millmore Philip Lewis Mark saunders, adrian Thornhill Trevor Morrow(2007) Strategic Human Resource Management contemporary issues Jon M. Werner and Randy L. Desimone (5th Edition) Human Resources Development Post :GauravAkrani Date : 12/27/2009 08:52:00 PM IST Comments (2) Lables : Management, Study Notes Craig W. Fontaine, Ph.D.(August 2007) NortheasternUniversity College of Business Administration A Critical Factor for Organizational Effectiveness and Employee Satisfaction Charlotte RaynerDerekadam-Smith, Managing Leading People (2nd Edition, chapter-9) Recruitment Selection Employee-engagementmaximizing-organizational-performance PERSONAL EXPERIENCE Throughout the work for this Assignment, I have learned how organizations operate and the challenges they face. I understood from this work that, regardless of how smooth and successful an organization is, changing and adopting leadership style are always needed. It may be in the target market, management, human resource or technology used by the organisation. For these reasons, if handled carefully with the right tools, change can be smooth and successful. I m confident, that I will be able to apply the techniques that I have learned from this work in all stages of my career.

Examine the Key Concepts of the Ontological Argument for the Existence of God

1b) Examine the key concepts of the ontological argument for the existence of God (18) The ontological argument rests on the premise that the universe’s existence is contingent- it depends on something else to exist. The argument is deductive, analytic and a priori, and was first formed by St. Anselm, who prayed for a short argument that would prove God to be â€Å"that than which nothing greater can be conceived†.This prayer was called the proslogion and tried to prove God by means of reductio ad absurdum, which states that the existence of God is logically necessary. The argument is based on the word â€Å"God†, a being that possesses all perfections, therefore must exist. Anselm was aware that the existence of God is denied by atheists and in response to this, he states â€Å"the fool has said in his heart there is no God†. Descartes later reformulated the ontological argument, who sought to prove the existence of God through reason alone.He stated that he exists, and in his mind he has the concept of a perfect being, and as an imperfect being, he could not have conjured up the idea of a perfect being, therefore this idea must have originated from the perfect being itself, and this perfect being must exist in order to be perfect, consequently a perfect being exists. He also stated that the idea of God is the idea of a perfect being, and a supremely perfect being has all perfections, existence is perfection, a supremely perfect being must have existence, therefore it is impossible to think of God as not existing, hence God exists.Gaunilo stated that if the ontological argument was applied to things other than God, then it led to invalid conclusions. He applied Anselm’s premise to the idea of a perfect island: I can conceive of an island that no greater island can be thought of; such an island must possess all perfections; existence is a perfection; the island exists. He also stated that the views of the â€Å"greatest islan d† would be subjective. Kant stated that â€Å"existence is not a predicate†, which would flaw both Anselm and Descartes arguments.He observed that existence is not associate with the definition of something since it does not add to our understanding of that thing; â€Å"it would be self-contradictory to posit a triangle, yet reject its three angles†. Russell furthered Kant’s idea, and stated that we should consider the claims that a) all cows have tails and b) all unicorns have horns. Grammatically, this is correct, however, it does not state whether they exist, and therefore does not provide explicit information. Similarly, Hume stated that the argument makes false assumptions about existence; â€Å"we cannot define something into existence†.

Failure Of Socialization Essay

Socialization is the process through which one learns his or her culture and how to live within it. Failure in socialization therefore means that one does not learn his or her culture and ultimately how to live within it. This is a source of problems of all nature and scope. Socialization imparts an individual with moral norms, motives, values, attitudes, language, symbols, and social roles. These are crucial aspects to any individual’s life and they represent all key fields that guide one’s entire life. The failure of a convenient and effective socialization process could therefore lead to a whole host of problems and complications to the subject in question. Socialization agents are responsible for an individual’s self concept, emotions, behavior, and attitudes. (Chinoy 1961) There are equally important agents responsible for socialization or failure of socialization of an individual. These agents include the family, education, peer groups, the media, religion, work place and the state. The family is arguably the most important agent of socialization and is usually responsible in determining one’s career goals and religion. Failure of socialization at the family level could have the most severe effects to an individual and the course of his life. (Clausen 1968) Failure of Socialization Fetus socialization Recent study has suggested that the socialization process starts at the womb as opposed to earlier when socialization was thought to begin when a child is conceived. This therefore means that failure of socialization (if it occurs) starts at the mother’s womb. Doctors earlier believed that the process that a fertilized egg follows until it becomes a baby had a definite genetic path. This however has been proved not to be true. Doctors now believe that fetal development is a complicated affair between the genes of the baby and the information relayed to it by the mother. The mother transmits signals to the fetus and the fetus chooses one path over another. This multiplicity of choices leads to long time changes to the baby’s body organs as well as to the level of brain sensitivity. (Warren 2009) Although this kind of research is at its earlier stages, there is substantial evidence to prove that indeed the interactions of the fetus within the first nine months have major effects on life after birth. A baby’s days in the womb and the nature of his experiences influences his emotional and physical make up for the rest of his years. For instance, if the mother is stressed and anxious during her pregnancy maybe because of financial constraints or a troubled marriage, the stress hormone cortisol may reach the baby (fetus). The fetus develops fewer brain receptors to sense cortisol presence because it does not need many. Having fewer receptors does however change an individual’s ability to cope in life at a later stage. When hormone cortisol reaches a certain point in the bloodstream, the system ceases producing the hormone and everything returns to normal. The problem is that, people with fewer receptors do not sense the right time to stop hormone cortisol production. High levels of the hormone in the body create a wear and tear in the body. It also makes it difficult for a person to handle strong emotions without withdrawing or lashing out. The inability to handle strong emotions may result to the person getting depressed or much stressed. In a study that targeted women in England, those who had high levels of anxiety during pregnancy gave birth to children with twice the rate of behavioral and emotional problems at the age of ten. (Chamberlain 2009) Robert Harris, a convicted murderer executed in the State of California gas chambers, was born almost three months early when his father kicked his mother brutally in the abdomen. Harris would be subjected through many other violent experiences by his parents, violence he later on turned on innocent people. When Harris was twenty five years old, he shot dead two teenagers, laughed at them as he calmly ate some hamburgers they had bought for lunch. Recent research has suggested that criminals have poorly functioning brains. Research has also suggested that there is substantial evidence to justify labeling violent and criminal behavior as a disorder resulting from impairment of the prefrontal area as well as other dysfunctions and brain injuries. For instance, a study conducted on juveniles on death row found a consistent pattern of paranoid misconception, neurological impairment, and low intelligence quotient among these juveniles. These brain based origins of violence start when the child is still in the womb of his mother. Having an impaired brain means that one would have a more difficulty life, more frustration, and little self control. This gives rise to misery, violent and criminal behavior and even death. (Chamberlain 2009) Attachment Attachment is the reciprocal process through which emotional connection is developed between an infant and a caregiver. It is a binding psychological and emotional tie that an individual forms and that lasts over a period of time. Infants develop attachment to their main care givers especially mothers, fathers, day care workers, grandparents, and other siblings. Reciprocal socialization is a bidirectional socialization process. For instance, children interact with their parent and their parents give them feedback. A mother-infant interaction is at times symbolized as a dialogue in which subsequent actions of the both parties are closely coordinated. The mother and the infant can match each other’s actions, as in when they both engage in mutual smiles. The parent also serves to support a child’s efforts therefore allowing the child to be more skillful. This is all part of the attachment process. According to attachment theorists, attachment is necessary if a child is to have a normal social and emotional development. A secure relationship with adult caregivers is necessary for the survival and healthy development of a child. Attachment influences an infant’s physical, psychological and cognitive development. It is also the basis for a child’s development of either trust or mistrust. Attachment is imperative to a child’s development because it shapes how a child learns, relates to the world, forms, and maintains relationship throughout his entire life. It is necessary for infants to stay near familiar people because this brings safety advantages to their early adaptation environment. Secure attachment takes place when an infant experiences constant care and gets emotional essentials from a caregiver. When the process of attachment is disrupted, the infant may fail to develop a secure base needed for a healthy survival and development. Factors which impair or harm a healthy or a secure attachment include;  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Multiple caretakers.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hospitalization.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Painful medical processes.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inadequate prenatal care.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prenatal drug and alcohol abuse.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neurological problems. (Moss 2008) Poor attachment causes the child to have inner feelings of insecurity, intense anger, and self hate. Below are some common causes of attachment problems: Sudden separation of the infant from the main caregiver either through removal, death, illness etc. Abuse (physical, emotional or sexual) by an adult. Infant pain or medical condition that a caregiver cannot alleviate. A depressed caregiver. Inadequate or inconsistent attention and care. Neglect. Separation is a physical as well as an emotional experience for an infant and can take place either before birth or after birth. Separation is usually accompanied by violence from the child. The connection between a baby and the mother during gestation is total and holistic. Attachment demands that a child be constantly and consistently taken care of by one person. A baby has his own mechanism of knowing whether he is taken care of or is being rejected and neglected. (Johnson 1961) In a study conducted in Sweden, Finland, and Czechoslovakia for more than thirty years, mothers were denied abortion and compelled to give birth and raise their children. As the children grew older, they demonstrated a greater risk for not only social but also psychiatric problems compared to stable subjects. Majority of those unwanted children turned out to be delinquents and had a three times higher chance of being in the criminal register.   Research has shown that children who never had a consistent close relationship with anyone (attachment) lack conscience even when they grow up. They have a probability of becoming psychopathic killers because they have no affectionate emotions. Because of going through an early life unattached, they lack empathy, guilt, and trust and can even kill without caring. Psychologist Andrew Feldmar observed four teenagers who were repeatedly trying to commit suicide at the same time each year. When he did research on those four cases, he realized that their mothers had attempted abortion at the same time of the year that those adolescents were attempting suicide. (Carlie 2002) Any traumatic separation of the infant from the mother or the primary caregiver due to illness, injury, or any other traumatic cause follows the child throughout his life until it is dealt with in the proper manner. Until this traumatic separation is confronted and dealt with, there is a possibility of detrimental psychosis to occur which will impact the person negatively. Such detrimental impact can be manifested in several ways such as troubled relationships, and trouble with authority in general. Individuals who lack proper socialization during attachment have a higher risk of finding themselves in prisons. (Moss 2008) Children who have experienced problematic attachment exhibit some observable behaviors. These behaviors include; When children with problematic attachment develop into adulthood, they become unable to engage in reciprocal relationships. They feign charm and are superficially engaging. They also show indiscriminate affection to strangers unintentionally. They rarely have direct eye contact with whomever they are communicating with. They are poor in forming lasting peer relationships and have a low esteem. They can be very demanding at times. Children who have experienced problematic attachment have poor cause and effect thinking. They have a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is difficult for them to learn from mistakes. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They experience learning problems. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They have poor control of impulses. They have an emotionally disturbed development. For instance they; a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have abnormal speech patterns b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have abnormal eating behavior. (Moss 2008) They have puerile fear, anxiety, aggression, and rage. Their conscience develops poorly. They may become chronic liars, thieves, and generally cruel to other people for no reason. They may become destructive to themselves as well as others without caring much about their actions and behavior. They may also destroy property maliciously. A negative attachment cycle. The child is likely to have difficulties fitting in the family because; a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He engages in negative behavior that cannot escape the parents’ and siblings’ notice. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to the nature, extent, and consistency of negative behavior the parents are constantly engaged in quarrels with the child hence aggravating the situation. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The distance and the connection between the parent and the child is severed There is a direct correlation between the effects of failure of socialization in attachment and antisocial personality disorder. Failure of socialization during attachment not only causes relationship failure throughout a person’s life but also produces criminals. (Moss 2008) Anti-social personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder is a persistent pattern of disregard and violation of other people’s rights that begin in early years (childhood or adolescence) and continues into adulthood. For a person to be categorized as having this condition, he must have attained the age of eighteen and must have a history of conduct disorder. Individuals with this type of condition are sometimes labeled as psychopaths or sociopaths. This condition is characterized with general lack of conscience and a weak capability to control aggressive urges and defer gratification. It does not necessarily lead to criminal and violent behavior in itself but rather individuals with this condition are more prone to violent and criminal behavior. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder differ in their control abilities and general desires. Some researchers though indicate that these labels are not synonymous with the antisocial personality disorder. As indicated earlier, the socialization process is responsible for imparting an individual with moral norms, motives, values, attitudes, language, symbols, and social roles.

Creating a Trusting Context for the Timely Detection of Breast Pathology and Increase the Recovery Chances Free Essay Example, 2750 words

Breast screening can give indications to the issue at hand because it approaches these issues through the reportage of different involved entities. Comprehensive community health promotion models typically combine community organization and citizen participation principles with behavioral theories to address ways to generate change at the individual and policy levels . Different communication paradigms exist between the policy level and the individual level in making an effective community awareness program about breast cancer screening and how important early detection is in finding effective treatments for the condition. Breast assessment clinics offer many services, such as FNA, wire localization, cyst aspiration, and other services. There are also different sorts of a clinic, including Rapid Assessment Clinics. There are various services available therein such as Stereotactic core assessment, and care is easily personalized using multidisciplinary meetings. Breast assessment clinics tend to give basic services and also provide education. Breast cancer is a basic medical problem that is crying out for a cure or a way of easing symptoms, but the condition also needs someone to cry out about it on behalf of others in a way that is positive for survivors and high-risk groups. Therefore it is very important to address this problem at the level of assessment clinics and make sure that everyone knows what risk factors are and how to get a mammogram. In one study under review, the authors interviewed women who were 35 to 64 years old. A total of 4575 women with breast cancer and 4682 controls were interviewed. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios as estimates of the relative risk (incidence-density ratios) of breast cancer . The authors found that Among women from 35 to 64 years of age, current or former oral-contraceptive use was not associated with a significantly increased risk of breast cancer . I also personally believe that complementary and non-Western medicine is an area that should be looked into in terms of easing symptoms. We will write a custom essay sample on Creating a Trusting Context for the Timely Detection of Breast Pathology and Increase the Recovery Chances or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now

The Age of Exploration Brought Many Changes to the World...

Many people would be surprised that the things they associate with certain countries are not native to those lands. Sugar was not originally grown in the Caribbean and cows are not indigenous to the United States. Before the Age of Exploration, a period lasting for centuries with long-extending effects, Europeans had not truly begun to explore Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Even with the fearless adventures of the Vikings, Polynesians, and Ming Chinese, no extreme, lasting difference was created. Once people began exploring outside of their own worlds, great social, political, and economic change was ushered in with the exchange and alteration of people, plants, animals, technology, diseases, religion, and political systems. To begin†¦show more content†¦In the Spanish colonies, a system of slavery known as the encomienda was set in place. Under this policy, the native people were divided among settlers and required to do labor while the owners were required to Christianiz e the â€Å"barbaric† people. Furthermore, the mita system was also installed, while forced adult male indigenous people in a rotating cycle to work for multiple months at a time, at farms or mines or somewhere else that featured hard work. In South America, however, native people were easily susceptible to the diseases brought by the Europeans and were quick to die off in mass numbers. For this reason along with the fact African slaves were better suited for the working conditions and more culturally diverse thus less likely to be able to start an uprising, the importation of African slaves became widespread throughout the areas. The population of African peoples increased so much that it in many cases outnumbered the population of free inhabitants. Due to the great population, the diverse culture of the slaves has contributed greatly to the culture of the areas today. The results of this unprecedented mixture of people and cultures, nearly everyone had to change their ways of life. In French America, coureurs de bois, men who arrived looking to trap furs, would often ally with and wed native womenShow MoreRelatedEffects Of European Exploration On The World1252 Words   |  6 PagesEffects Of European Exploration By the late 1400’s into the 1500’s, European countries began to expand into the rest of the world. This resurgence of trade interest resulted in a demand for foreign goods and exploration of water routes. This Age of Exploration united the Americas with Europe, Asia, and Africa. The exchanges were plentiful and stabilizing for many communities. However, along with the positive influences, came the negative aspects, which impacted cultures and civilizations aroundRead MoreThe Age Of Exploration : John Winthrop1546 Words   |  7 PagesMatias Marroquin Mr. Verdi History -9 26 May 2016 The Age of Exploration John Winthrop, first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony: â€Å"Touching these savages, there is a thing I cannot omit to remark to you, it is that it appears visibly that God wishes that they yield their place to new peoples.† (Crosby, Alfred W.) The Age of Exploration, (and Exploitation) brought an era of racism, nationalism, and ideals of superiority to the New World. Initially a beneficial concept, promoting trade and discoveryRead MoreCauses Of The Age Of Exploration1112 Words   |  5 Pagesgeographical exploration was a period of time when European states began exploring the world. The European exploration known as the Age of Discovery, or the Age of Exploration began in the early fifteenth century and extended throughout the late sixteenth century. During this time, European nations discovered new routes. This led to the discovering of trade from different places outside of Europe. Europe exploration expanded to places such as the Americas, Africa, and much of the F ar East. Many eventsRead MoreEffects Of European Exploration On Europe, Africa, And The Americas1523 Words   |  7 PagesThe effect of European Exploration on Europe, Africa, and the Americas Whenever you hear about the European Exploration, or ‘The Age of Discovery’’ you hear a lot about what the Europeans gained from it, while they did learn a lot from this and gather a lot of new resources they were not the only ones affected. The Age of Discovery affected more areas that just Europe, it also affected the Americas and Africa. To prove this we must first know what European Exploration is. From the 15th century toRead MorePositive Impact Of Christopher Columbus s Discoveries1247 Words   |  5 PagesColumbus’s Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuries and change the world forever. His discoveriesRead MorePositive Impact Of Christopher Columbus Discoveries1249 Words   |  5 PagesColumbus’ Discoveries The world is a better place because of Christopher Columbus’ important discoveries in the New World. His explorations resulted in the vast expansion of property for Europe, the exchange of goods and cultures between countries and a change in the worldview of geography. Columbus’s explorations were the catalyst for unprecedented trade known as the Columbian Exchange, which started the exchange of goods and ideas that would last for centuries and change the world forever. His discoveriesRead More The Age of Exploration Essay1090 Words   |  5 Pagesexplore the unknown has been a driving force in human history since the dawn of time. From the earliest documented accounts, ancient civilizations have explored the world around them. Early adventures were motivated by religious beliefs, a desire for conquest, the need for trade, and an unsatisfying hunger for gold. The great Age of Exploration, beginning in the late 1400s, was an important era in the discovery and developm ent of lands yet unknown to the Europeans. During this period, Europe sought newRead More Age Of Discovery Essay939 Words   |  4 Pages What were the Effects of the Age of Discovery? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Age of Exploration was a time of struggle and wealth for many European countries. The pursuit of a trade route to the Far East led many countries across the ocean, looking for the great spice cities that were rumored by Marco Polo. These countries knew that whoever found the shortest or best route would become rich, very quickly. Explorers from many European countries embarked on journeys that not even they had anyRead MoreEuropean Exploration : The Age Of Discovery1128 Words   |  5 Pagespartake in global explorations in the early fifteenth century. By doing so, this opened up a new chapter in world history, known as the Age of Discovery. During this time, Europe expanded to the Americas, Africa, and the Far East being the first orbit around the world. â€Å"Profound misconceptions about geography and the cultures of local populations would change very slowly throughout he early centuries of European exploration.† (The Saylor Foundation The Eu ropean Voyages of Exploration: Introduction)Read MoreEssay Changes in Early Modern Europe967 Words   |  4 Pagesand settlement of the New World. Recovery from the Black Plague, religious reformation, and newly formed nation-states were on the forefront of these changes. The political environment, economy, and religion were all intertwined during the upheaval of the Old World which proved to be a driving force in the search for and eventual settlement of new lands. The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation were major motivating factors in early modern Europe leading to exploration of new lands. This began

The University Of Hawaii At Manoa - 1967 Words

There are three schools students may have an interest in, these colleges are: Cal Poly Pomona, San Diego State University, and the University of Hawaii at Manoa. The information a student could research are graduation rate, admission rate, jobs out of school, curriculum, greek life, and the student to faculty rate. With the curriculum set at each university, many courses are offered to potential students. After one earns a degree, based on a specific curriculum, schools try to help one student get a job once that pupil have graduated. In the upcoming paragraphs one student could participate on campus: the fun in engaging in greek life, or how in class, the student to faculty ratio may affect a student s learning. By gathering information†¦show more content†¦(California State Polytechnic University).There is a high application average for student who have applied here in just California. Hawaii University of Manoa states there details on there very own university.â€Å"Admi ssions Mar. 1 application deadline 77.9% accepted.† (University of Hawaii at Manoa Graduation Retention.) The average for admission is high due to the campus size and great curriculum. As one student reads farther into the essay they will see why the curriculum is great. In conclusion University of Manoa has the highest admission rate out of these three colleges. Graduation rate is when students enter a four-year degree program,and they complete within a six year period they are considered a graduates for that year.At the University of Cal Poly Pomona there website states that there average is higher than the school has predicted.â€Å"Our six-year graduation rate is 52 percent, higher than the national average of 44 percent.†(California State Polytechnic University). Knowing that the percentage is higher than they have expected this means that it is good for the school publicity. Even though San Diego University doesn t have that high of a graduation rate their percentage is still above average.â€Å"Based on the caliber of students that attend San Diego State University we would expect an overall graduation rate of 54.2%, however, students are graduating at a rate that is 11.8% higher.†(San Diego Graduation Rate.) However, San Diego State University is

Cloud Based Information System Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cloud Based Information System. Answer: Introduction Headspace is an organization which works with the people belonging to the age group of 12 to 25. This organization works for mental ill health. Depression and anxiety are the two most common mental health problems, although there are many other problems. One of the problems related with this aspect is that a young person with a mental illness might see multiple professional before they can get the help they need. Each time they need to tell their own story (Allison, Bastiampillai Goldney, 2016). Soon the young people calm up and say very little as a result of which it becomes very difficult for the professional to help them. The main aim of the report is to design a vision document for a project. The project would capture the story the first time it is told. As a result of which the professional will get access so that the case notes and the story can be assisted more appropriately. Non functional Requirement Non functional Requirement in a software system describes not about what the software will do but how the software will do it. For example critical system qualities, system interfaces, user interface requirement and system constraints. Critical System Qualities Critical system are either integrated complex system which can be termed as system of system, or small sub system (components) the performance and quality of performance and quality with the projects development. Putting emphasis on the definition which is applicable to the critical system of a particular project the type of focus needed and the task can be varied accordingly (Kumar, Yadav Khan, 2017). With respect to the designing of the critical system it should be taken into consideration the account manufacturing and obsolescence of the component and the hardware related aspect. In a critical system error can occur from anywhere. Failure can result in a huge economic loss, physical damage or threads. Critical system failure can be divided mainly into three parts as; Safety Critical system: This can result in loss of life, injury or damage to the environment Mission Critical System: This is a failure result in failure of some goal directed activity. Business Critical System: This type of failure result in high economic losses. System Dependability For critical system, it is usually the case that the most important system property is the dependability of the system. The dependability of the system reflects the degree of trust with the user in the particular system (Shah, 2016). It basically reflects the extent of the users confidence that the system would operate as the user expects it to do and that it would not fail in normal use. Usefulness and trustworthiness is not the same thing all together (Hawkins et al., 2016). A system does not have to be trusted to be useful. System is not dependable and is unreliable, insecure and unsafe may be rejected by the user. In this context the cost of the system failure may be very high. The cost related to critical system failure is so high that with aspect to development methods alternative methods are used that are not cost effective for other types of system (Nurmi et al., 2016). Some example of development methods are formal methods of software, static analysis and external quality assurance. Usability Software usability can be described as how the end user of the system can use, learn and control the system. Maintainability (or Flexibility / Testability) The definition of maintainability implies much the code change is brittle. Because of this implementation the tie can be termed together with flexibility and testability into the overall maintainability of the project. Scalability In times of increase usage the ability of the system to gracefully meet the demand of the stress can be termed as scalability Availability The time the system is up and running and the mean time between failures (MTBF) is known as the availability of program. Functional requirement vs. non functional requirement Functional and non functional requirement need to be selected carefully in order to ensure that it makes sense in the context of the projects final outcome (Li et al., 2016). Requirement generally can be broadly divided into two parts Functional and non functional. Functional requirement: With emphasis on the system what it is intended to do can be termed as functional requirement. In order words functional requirement describes a particular behavior of the function related to the system when certain conditions are meeting (Abidin et al., 2016). Typical function requirement includes the following: Transaction correction, cancellation and adjustment Authentication Authorization levels External interfaces Non Functional Requirement: The performance of the system with regards to a specific fuction it is intended to perform can be termed as non functional requirement. In simple way it can be described as how the system should behave with regards to the limit how their functionality are. It is mainly intended in describing the systems characteristics and its attributes. (Filipe-Ribeiro et al., 2016). Typically non functional requirements include: Scalability Capacity Reliability Maintainability It is very much important to correctly state the non functional requirement since it would directly affect the users experience when interacting with the system. Review of Cloud Based System Strengths The strength with consideration of the environment in which it is deployed is: Cost reduction: Cloud computing eliminates certain conventional costs such as hardware, electric bills, paper work and IT staff. Scalability: The payment method is related to the resources and services it provides. It eliminates the worry about hardware and software upgrades as they grow along with the business. Up to date technology: With regards to small organization cloud computing offers the latest and sophisticated technologies from being up to par with the competition. The Weaknesses with consideration of the environment in which it is deployed is: Risk of unavailability: It is always possible that the vendors resource can shut down. In such a situation there is no option than to wait for the service to roll back. Data ownership and mobility: Service provider cannot guarantee 100% in order of delivering back the store data or other services. Data authenticity: Due to the limitation of not being present along the data limitation can be applied in order of authenticity and validity. Researchers have put forward 6 must considered factor before implementing into cloud computing service provider. The factors are: Confidentiality: The data should be kept secured. Integrity: The data should be unaltered without proper permission. Availability: The data should be accessible from anywhere and at any time to those who have the authority to access the data. Security Aspect or Threats The European Network and information security provides a basic description of the potential risk involved in the implementation and the working of cloud computing. The security aspect or the threads can be divided into following categories. Loss or theft of intellectual property: Companies store sensitive information in the cloud. When a cloud service is breached, the sensitive information can be accessed by the cyber criminals. In the scenario of absence of breach certain service can even pose the risk in their term and the condition ownership claim of the data uploaded by the user. Loss of control over the end user: when the workers work with cloud they can access the information and no one would know it. This can lead to the access to sensitive information which should be dangerous with the view point of the company. Diminished customer trust: when there is a data breach it would directly affect the trust of the customer. It has been recorded the largest breach was the stealing of over 40 million customer credit and debit card numbers. SDLCApproach Predictive Analysis: Pros Predictive analysis can be applied to a wide range of business and it plays as a vital player in search advertising and recommendation engine. Predictive analysis has multiple forms or techniques like predictive modeling, optimization and decision analysis, predictive search and transaction profiling (Hwang, 2017). These techniques can be provided by the managers and executives with decision making tools in order to influence sales, up selling and revenue forecasting, optimization of the process of the business and even implementing new strategies. Thought Predictive analysis is beneficial it is not for everyone (Xia et al., 2016). Cons A company that wishes to utilize the data driven decision making needs in order to access substantial data which are relevant from the activity range , and sometimes big data sets are hard to come by (Munasinghe Perera, 2016). Time also plays a vital role in this sphere on how the technique works. Adaptive Analysis Pros Adaptive Analysis does not need to invest time in it and effort. With emphasis on the documentation part, the documentation is crisp and to the point to save time. The end result is the high quality software in least possible time duration with the satisfaction of the client (Beloglazov, Abawajy Buyya, 2017). Cons In case of some software deliverables especially the software which are large it is very much difficult to access the effort required at the beginning of the software development life cycle. In this technique lack of emphasis is put on the designing and documentation which is a very important aspect in any project. The project can sometimes go out of track if the need of the customer is not known and what would be the final product is not known (Yadav Doke, 2016). Recommendation In the above scenario Predictive analysis would be the recommendation because of the reason that the approach has various forms and technique which can be implemented according with the need of the project. Different project have different needs and specification so in such a technique different approaches can be implemented accordingly. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that the organization in order of the implementation of the technique has different techniques in hand. The project being a part of the health care issue it should be taken care that the software would work according to the requirement and emphasis should be given on the quality of the software and well as the reliability of the software. The different aspect like functional requirement as well as the non functional requirement should be kept in mind in order for the software to work properly. The recommendation of the implementation of the software development tool is Predictive analysis which gives a wider prospective to the development of the software. References Abidin, M. Z. Z., Nawawi, M. K. M., Kasim, M. M. (2016, October). Research design of decision support system for team sport. In AIP Conference Proceedings (Vol. 1782, No. 1, p. 040001). AIP Publishing. Allison, S., Bastiampillai, T., Goldney, R. (2016). Australias national youth mental health initiative: Is headspace underachieving?. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(2), 111-112. Beloglazov, A., Abawajy, J., Buyya, R. (2017). Energy-aware resource allocation heuristics for efficient management of data centers for cloud computing. Future generation computer systems, 28(5), 755-768. Filipe-Ribeiro, L., Milheiro, J., Matos, C. C., Cosme, F., Nunes, F. M. (2017). Data on changes in red wine phenolic compounds, headspace aroma compounds and sensory profile after treatment of red wines with activated carbons with different physicochemical characteristics. Data in Brief, 12, 188-202. Hawkins, S., Wang, H., Liu, Y., Garcia, A., Stringfield, O., Krewer, H., ... Goldgof, D. (2016). Predicting malignant nodules from screening CT scans. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 11(12), 2120-2128. Hwang, K. (2017). Cloud and Cognitive Computing: Principles, Architecture, Programming. MIT Press. Kumar, S., Yadav, D. K., Khan, D. A. (2017). A novel approach to automate test data generation for data flow testing based on hybrid adaptive PSO-GA algorithm. International Journal of Advanced Intelligence Paradigms, 9(2-3), 278-312. Li, T., Guo, Y., Hu, H., Zhang, X., Jin, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, Y. (2016). Determination of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in water samples by static headspace gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Journal of separation science, 39(2), 358-366. Munasinghe, B., Perera, P. L. M. (2016). Adopting SDLC in Actual Software Development Environment: A Sri Lankan IT Industry Experience. Nurmi, D., Wolski, R., Grzegorczyk, C., Obertelli, G., Soman, S., Youseff, L., Zagorodnov, D. (2017, May). The eucalyptus open-source cloud-computing system. In Proceedings of the 2017 9th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (pp. 124-131). IEEE Computer Society. ztrk, V. (2016). Flexible and Adaptive Life Cycle Framework for Software Development. JSW, 11(9), 943-951. Shah, U. S. (2016). An Excursion to Software Development Life Cycle Models: An Old to Ever-growing Models. ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 41(1), 1-6. Xia, Z., Wang, X., Zhang, L., Qin, Z., Sun, X., Ren, K. (2016). A privacy-preserving and copy-deterrence content-based image retrieval scheme in cloud computing. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 11(11), 2594-2608. Yadav, D. S., Doke, K. (2016). Mobile Cloud Computing Issues and Solution Framework.