BTVET in Uganda

BTVET in Uganda AN INVESTIGATIVE STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING ENROLMENT AND COMPLETION RATES IN INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER LEARNING (BTVET) IN UGANDA Presentation This examination endeavors to lead an examination of the elements influencing enrolment and finish rates inside the Business, Technical Vocational Education and Training (BTVET) establishments in Uganda. The examination covers a time of ten years (between 1999 to 2009), normally settled on as it was during this time when the legislature Implemented significant changes inside the training arrangement of the nation, because of the Education Review Commission (1989). It will be noticed that 1999 falls two years shy of the real time (1997) when the administration actualized Universal Primary Education (UPE) allowed to four offspring of each Ugandan family in the nation a stage towards meeting Education for all (EFA) constantly 2012 as one of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in the nation. The investigation happens over ten years down the line since the beginning of UPE and three years after Universal Secondary Education (USE) programs. While numerous grade schools are as yet battli ng with the convergence of understudies who might somehow or another have gotten no opportunity of getting formal basic instruction on the off chance that it were not for UPE and USE, this creator tries to explore whether the execution of these projects has in any capacity had any kind of effect to people groups perspectives towards training as a rule and professional instruction specifically. The examination tries to research the pattern of enrolment and finishing in foundations of higher learning and specifically those in the Business, Technical, Vocational Education and Training (BTVET) segment during when Education For All (EFA) continuously 2012, has been on the plan as one of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) for creating nations. The UPE program took off in the midst of a flood of issues including far reaching open analysis coming about because of the at first horrible showing of normal UPE schools in the nation. Among the issues that vowed this program from the very beginning was the issue of clog of the accessible study halls. As a result of the UPE program numerous schools revealed overpowering enrolments prompting an inundation of the until now non school going youngsters. This turned into a reason for worry because of the overstretched existing offices inside schools. Notwithstanding the deficient conditions under which a portion of the schools worked, and while a few schools were all the while regretting the absence of room and lacking offices, it was about this time the legislature made great its subsequent guarantee with respect to free instruction and presented the Universal Secondary Education, (USE) free for all. The program, which began in 2007, was acquainted likewise with UPE ten years sooner. C omparable it could be said that the program was not well arranged for as it was begun inside the current school foundation and with a similar labor. Three years down the line notwithstanding, reports from the media and proof from schools imply that the USE program has created expanded paces of enrolment in optional schools constantly since it was begun. It is the supposition of this creator that if these changes in the instruction area have so far been an example of overcoming adversity they could similarly affect people groups mentalities with respect to training as a rule and professional training specifically, and it is from the consequences of this investigation that this reality will be completely settled. It is on this premise among different variables that this creator is to lead an investigation of the rates at which understudies select and complete their courses giving specific consideration to such factors as cause them to drop out and what to do about it. It is critical to note now anyway that in as much as both essential and auxiliary training have been made widespread there are as yet numerous offspring of school going age that are not in school, leaving us with questions requesting answers concerning why this is so. There are numerous kids seen hanging about on boulevards while others resort to early relationships and additionally youth work. A great deal of youngsters who dont go to class are found in the towns which are the focal point of movement for most families who live on means cultivating. Foundations for this can be various, anyway let it get the job done to say now that this sort of circumstance is at the focal point of this studys examination. Though there is no enactment on school going age in the nation widespread training has so far not been made mandatory. This has given a few guardians the opportunity as well as has generally added to getting numerous youngsters far from schools since there is no responsibility to a ny nearby expert for not sending kids to class. With such huge numbers of youngsters experiencing childhood in a situation where a decent piece of the populace either dismiss the significance of training or believes it to be past their range, it is essential to explore whether this conveys any essentialness as far as impact to the understudies who select to proceed with instruction in organizations of higher learning. While the propensity of dropping out of schools can be followed in all areas of training in the nation, it is imperative to examine the rate at which it is occurring. Since the administration set up the Special Educational Policy Review Commission (1989), a portion of its outcomes have been acknowledged in the administration white paper on training, notwithstanding UPE and USE. There is need thusly to research further the changes on instructive projects realized because of the activity of this commission and how these effect on enrolment and fulfillment rates. Destinations OF THE STUDY 1. To set up factors that impact understudies to join foundations of higher learning. 2. To explore how the projects on offer inside the foundations of higher adapting especially in the BTVET segment address business issues of youngsters 3. The investigation will try to build up the pattern of execution in the BTVET foundations by looking at the quantity of understudies that at first select and the number that finish their a multi year courses, noticing any variations assuming any, over a time of ten years. 4. A cross area of school drop outs will be found and met to build up reasons why they neglected to finish their courses. 5. A cross area of understudies in the last year of their courses will likewise be met to build up factors that inspire them to finish their courses. 6. To study and draw models from creating nations just as created European nations for motivations behind analyzing the BTVET circumstance on ground in Uganda. It is the perspective on this creator that looking into frameworks will give a more extensive point of view about how BTVET courses are educated somewhere else in relationship what exactly is on the ground. 7. To direct an audit of the writing that investigates training as rehearsed throughout the entire existence of the African customary society the setting wherein formal instruction can be valued and polished to serve networks (ref). 8. To direct a concise investigation of the current changes inside the British arrangement of training for instance of a framework that is continually changing trying to coordinate needs of youngsters in a created nation. Political/Economic foundation to the Problem Uganda is a land-bolted nation, which lies over the equator in the core of Africa, covering 241,139 square kilometers, 17% of which is water. The greater part of the nation lies between 900-2000 meters above ocean level, which causes it to appreciate a for the most part mellow tropical atmosphere with temperatures extending somewhere in the range of 17â ºc and 28â ºc with the normal precipitation of around 1500 mm p.a. The equivalent altitudinal varieties empower Uganda grow a wide scope of means and money crops for the nation. With a populace, which is presently evaluated to be 24.4 Million, Uganda has a yearly development pace of 3.3% and a thickness of 124 people for every square kilometer. Females comprise about 51.2% of the populace as indicated by the 2002 National Population and Housing Census. 10 years after Uganda achieved autonomy in 1962 a time of political unsteadiness was experienced, (1970-1979) which prompted genuine monetary and political decrease. During this period talented labor including an enormous number of experts fled the nation looking for political and monetary shelter. Because of this a large portion of the framework for enterprises, training, transport and other help divisions were barely fixed or kept up with numerous subsequently falling into decay. The countrys development in all segments including that of the professional instruction and preparing was antagonistically influenced and the requirement for monetary and social reestablishment both as far as framework just as open mentalities towards training programs was more grounded than any time in recent memory. Studies inside the service of training and the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), demonstrate that this circumstance seems to have improved in the previous twenty years during which time a t on of changes have been realized by the current system. The current arrangement of instruction in Uganda is designed after the model of the British arrangement of training acquired after the nation accomplished her political autonomy in 1962(ref). This arrangement of training was initially intended to create graduates with an inclination towards secretarial and regulatory jobs(ibid). This is on the grounds that the fundamental reason for training during the provincial days was to give staff to administration to the pilgrim ace (ref). The framework had no tendency towards provincial turn of events in spite of the fact that administration strategy stressed change of the nation side(ibid). The instructive framework proceeded to over-gracefully adolescents with simply scholastic kind of training while deficiencies of specific functional preparing endured. Because of this pattern when the

Caring for Dementia Patients Long Term Care free essay sample

Thinking about Dementia Patients Rodrick Williams English 122 Professor Susan Turner Colon Caring for Dementia Patient It can be extremely troublesome thinking about a patient with dementia. Most parental figures are unconscious of the issues, they should confront. A relative endeavoring to think about a friend or family member without preparing will in the long run go to a Nursing Home that has encountered staff being taken care of by dementia patients. Albeit numerous families feel a feeling of blame having another person care for a friend or family member, it is best for all concerned. Dementia patients can be a bunch for an accomplished guardian just as those with no preparation. These are a portion of the inquiry that ought to be pose to when a cherished is conclusion with dementia. For what reason is dementia so misconstrued, what are the causes, what are the various phases of the dementia, what are the measurements, and how is it analysis? Dementia characterized as the loss of scholarly capacities, for example, thinking, recollecting, and thinking of adequate seriousness to meddle with a people every day working. We will compose a custom paper test on Thinking about Dementia Patients Long Term Care or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Dementia isn't an ailment itself, however a gathering of indications. Numerous ementias are treatable and reversible. Alzheimers ailment is the most widely recognized type of untreatable, irreversible dementia A German specialist named Alois Alzheimer first found Alzheimers Disease (AD) in 1906. It is a turmoil of the cerebrum, making harm mind tissue over a period. The infection can wait from two to a quarter century before death results (Florida Health Care Association 2005). A portion of the conditions that emulate Alzheimers are reversible dementia, irreversible dementia, despondency, and migration stress. Most normal responses are decrease in wellbeing, nability to think about oneself, bewilderment, and disarray. Treatable reasons for dementia are doctor prescribed medication communications, liquor use, gloom, daze, parchedness, hunger, contaminations, and vision and hearing issues (Bourgeois, Irvine 20000). Correspondence is basic when moving toward dementia patients. The patient loses the comprehension of the communicated in language and relies upon non-verbal communication for their wellspring of comprehension. It tends to be baffling for a dementia persistent attempting to communicate oneself. The straightforward things are difficult to get over. To some this ehavior would be viewed as upsetting yet it is difficult for them to convey adequately. The best game-plan is remain quiet, consider if the patient is patients as awful conduct. A dementia conduct is considered as issue conduct which is made out of fomentation, hostility, and meandering. Fomentation is the main issue conduct, which might be beginning by torment, hunger, dread, weariness insanity, drug symptom, or condition. Determination is the initial phase in treating tumult (1997). A distinct determination of Alzheimers malady is still just conceivable during dissection hen the trademark plaques and tangles can be identified. Be that as it may, with procedures now accessible, doctors and patients can depend on 85 to 90 percent exactness, as per concentrates in which clinical analysis was later affirmed via dissection (1984). The best method to analyze AD is currently through Memory Disorder Clinics, (MDC, for example, the ones supported by the State of Florida. The facility assessment is a group way to deal with analysis of memory impedance. Regardless of whether the conclusion is Alzheimers illness, Multi Infarct dementia, Parkinsons malady, or some other structure f dementia, the Memory Disorder Clinic experts will help the patient and family with administrations and assets for their circumstance. Ebb and flow look into centers around various parts of dementia, including, yet not restricted to anticipation, easing back movement, treatment of side effects and a fix. This examination wants to improve the lives of individuals influenced by Alzheimers malady and different dementias. Research may incorporate investigations of hereditary components, synapses, irritation, cell demise, and the related neurofibrillary tangles and plaques in AD. Some different analysts are attempting to decide the potential jobs of cholesterol digestion, oxidative pressure (substance responses that can harm proteins, DNA, and lipids inside cells), estrogen, nutrient E, and microglia in the improvement of AD. Researchers additionally are examining the job of maturing related proteins (Florida Health Care Association 2005). Way of life changes to help forestall AD, as indicated by The Alzheimers Prevention Foundation International incorporate four mainstays of building a superior memory; diet and nutrients, stress the board, exercise and pharmaceutical medications. Diet and nutrients: the cerebrum requires nourishment, blood stream and vitality that originates from an eating regimen that is moderate in calories, high in great fats and clean proteins. Stress the board: decreasing despondency and improving your capacity to manage distressing circumstances. Exercise: mental and physical exercise is basic for cerebrum wellbeing. Successful exercises incorporate lively strolling, swimming, and Tai chi mental exercise, for example, visiting galleries, crossword puzzles, perusing, taking instructive classes, and associating with companions arte every fantastic approaches to keep your cerebrum fit as a fiddle. Pharmaceutical medications: prescriptions, for example, Aricept, Exelon, Reminyl, and Namenda, taken with the oversight of a doctor, can assume a significant job in postponing the movement of mellow memory misfortune because of Alzheimers malady. Common hormone substitution treatment despite everything considered by pioneers in the field of integrative medication to be helpful for some individuals (Lacy, Armstrong, Goodman 2003). that there are three phases of Alzheimers and their qualities. The beginning periods incorporate memory misfortune, bewilderment, mellow disarray, and character changes. Center tages: failure to perform gifted developments, social withdrawal, less restraints, fretfulness, rest aggravation, and mental trips. The late stages: little memory, trouble conveying, no acknowledgment of friends and family, overlooking how to eat, loss of bladder/inside control, and upset rest cycle. Urge families to Join bolster gatherings, give instructive freebees, instructive courses or workshops, memory issue facilities, memory books, care plan gatherings, exercises, feasting, social administrations, family encouraging group of people, and hospice care (McGough 2005). By including family coals there is less possibility of enthusiastic, physical, social, monetary or condition pressure. Stress can prompted allegations about consideration, passionate upheavals, visit visits for the duration of the day or verbal and physical threatening vibe. Wellbeing is a significant worry that ought to incorporate observing gadgets, night-lights, sufficiently bright lobbies, blend key locks, naming room entryways of inhabitants with pictures of occupants, decrease commotion levels, disposing of messiness, and keeping sharp articles far off. Anything that represents a danger to the security of the occupants must be evacuated or kept in a protected spot. It takes a resilient individual to think about people analyzed or have side effects of dementia. As the side effects progress as will the conduct issues. References Bourgeois, M. what's more, Irvine, Blair, PH. D. Methodologies of Dementia, ORCAS, Inc. 2000 Florida Health Care Association, 2005 University of Alabama Dementia and Training Program, The Deta Brain Series, 1997 National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Disease and Related Disorders Association rules, 1984 Lacy C, Armstrong L, Goldman M, Drug Information Handbook, Lexi-Comp, Hudson, Ohio 1 th ed. 2003

Essay on Pneumonia Communicable Disease

Essay on Pneumonia Communicable Disease Pneumoniaâ€"a Communicable Disease Dec 20, 2018 in Healthcare Introduction Pneumonia is a type of a respiratory condition characterized by lung infection, which can be caused by fungi, bacteria or viruses (Cunha, 2010). The most common symptoms associated with the disease include breathing difficulties, fever, experiencing chest pains and cough. In the United States, it has been estimated that 50,000 deaths are caused by pneumonia annually. Despite the fact that a person of any age can get sick with pneumonia, the disease is more prevalent among the elderly (Griffin, Zhu, Moore, Whitney, Grijalva, 2013). Current paper explores the history of the disease, statistics on its prevalence, current prevention efforts, future goals for prevention and the role of nurses in education and prevention of pneumonia.

What Is the Law of Conservation of Mass

Chemistry is a physical science that studies matter, energy and how they interact. When studying these interactions, its important to understand the law of conservation of mass. Key Takeaways: Conservation of Mass Simply stated, the law of conservation of mass means matter cannot be created or destroyed, but it can change forms.In chemistry, the law is used to balance chemical equations. The number and type of atoms must be the same for both reactants and products.Credit for discovering the law may be given to either Mikhail Lomonosov or Antoine Lavoisier. Law of Conservation of Mass Definition The law of conservation of mass is that, in a closed or isolated system, matter cannot be created or destroyed. It can change forms but is conserved. Law of Conservation of Mass in Chemistry In the context of the study of chemistry, the law of conservation of mass says that in a chemical reaction, the mass of the products equals the mass of the reactants. To clarify: An isolated system is one that does not interact with its surroundings. Therefore, the mass contained in that isolated system will remain constant, regardless of any transformations or chemical reactions that occur—while the result may be different than what you had in the beginning, there cant be any more or less mass than what you had prior to the transformation or reaction. The law of conservation of mass was crucial to the progression of chemistry, as it helped scientists understand that substances did not disappear as result of a reaction (as they may appear to do); rather, they transform into another substance of equal mass. History credits multiple scientists with discovering the law of conservation of mass. Russian scientist Mikhail Lomonosov noted it in his diary as a result of an experiment in 1756. In 1774, French chemist Antoine Lavoisier meticulously documented experiments that proved the law. The law of conservation of mass is known by some as Lavoisiers Law. In defining the law, Lavoisier stated, Atoms of an object cannot be created or destroyed, but can be moved around and be changed into different particles. Sources Okuň, Lev BorisoviÄ  (2009). Energy and Mass in Relativity Theory. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-281-412-8.Whitaker, Robert D. (1975). An historical note on the conservation of mass. Journal of Chemical Education. 52 (10): 658. doi:10.1021/ed052p658

The Causes Of Obesity And Obesity - 1508 Words

Causes of Obesity When it comes to people health, what usually comes up in mind? People may think of some disease, such as cancer or stroke, but nobody thinks about Obesity, which has become one of the biggest issues in America. Obesity is the accumulation of unnecessary body fat. It is a lifestyle disease that is spreading fast worldwide. This disease is affecting individuals of all age, ethnicity, and gender. As we all know, America has an extended history of solving complex problems, but it seems like obesity has stuck with the American people. In the essay, called Politicians Want to tax us Thin, written by Kyle Smith, she states, â€Å"We know obesity is a problem, but just to be sure we need to spend more resources to study it† (501). Smith says that somehow we are unsuccessful to solve the problem of obesity, and it’s affecting many people all over the world. Many people’s problems are due to their bad habits: they do not care to read the labels of what th ey eat, and they do not think what is natural and healthy for them before they eat. People pass such habits to their children, as it is predictable, and now childhood obesity is also becoming a rising issue. Many factors contribute to the causes of obesity in America while health officials and scientists all agree on the more general causes including lack of exercise, eating junk food, and family lifestyle. Firstly, lack of exercise is one of the major causes of Obesity. An article called, The Causes and Effects ofShow MoreRelatedThe Causes Of Obesity And Obesity1519 Words   |  7 PagesAaron Heiden Robert S. Pilsner WR 121 17 March 2013 The Causes of Obesity Many people speculate that obesity is genetic, but is it? Is childhood obesity caused by a lack of exercise, an unhealthy diet, or both? Obese people, or more commonly referred to as fat people or overweight people, are defined as adults who’s BMI (body mass index) is over 30 percent. There have always been overweight people in human society, but the rate of growth for this percentage of our population has been steadily risingRead MoreThe Causes Of Obesity And Obesity1032 Words   |  5 PagesThe Causes of Obesity Obesity is not just a cosmetic concern; it also increases your risk for cancer, diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and muscular skeletal disorders. It is estimated that obesity affects more than a third of the American adult population and seventeen percent of the American children population (Moores, 2005). Obesity has many definitions; one of the many definitions is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negativeRead MoreCauses Of Obesity756 Words   |  4 Pagescosts of care for treating three diseases. Obesity, Diabetes, and high blood pressure are the most spreading diseases in the United States and cost the country a huge amount of money for treatments. Obesity or the extra weight harms health in many ways. It raises the danger of developing circumstances, such as diabetes, osteoarthritis, heart disease, and some types of cancers, to name just a few, and cuts the life distance. Treating obesity or any obesity related situations costs the country billionsRead MoreObesity : Obesity Causes And Solutions1658 Words   |  7 PagesObesity Causes and Solutions In recent decades, obesity has grown to become considered an epidemic. In Natalie Boreo’s book â€Å"Killer Fat†, she discusses this obesity epidemic along with its social, political, economic, and moral influences. A number of factors contribute to the high instances of obesity; a person’s lifestyle, eating habits, culture, sedentary behaviors, activity levels, socioeconomic status, among many others. Sociologists seek to understand the physical, emotional and social influencesRead MoreCauses and Effects of Obesity823 Words   |  3 PagesObesity occurs in all countries and it is one of the gravest problems in modern society. Mankinds around the world are concerned about obesity. One of the chief causes is unhealthy diets. Obesity is also due to lack of exercise and lack of education and awareness. Therefore obesity has various effects include risk of suffering from a range of health conditions, large fiscal expenditure on medical insurance and lack of self- esteem. One of the chief causes is unhealthy diets. There are high-calorieRead MoreCauses of Childhood Obesity630 Words   |  3 Pageshowever, can be a problem to many children. This is referred to as obesity, when it occurs among children between ages 2 and 8 it is called childhood referred. Childhood obesity has been on the rise for the past few decades and it is making the lives of children shorter. Childhood obesity can be the outcome of many influences. Economic factors, an unmonitored environment, and lack of activity, are some effects of childhood obesity. To start with, the first and major reason causing children to beRead MoreThe Chief Causes Of Obesity1110 Words   |  5 PagesThe Chief Causes of Obesity As we all know the obesity has become a great problem for many people around the world. A research shows that 34.9% of adults in the United States are obese, and the money used for health problems relating to obesity has greatly increased. The estimated cost was $147 billion in 2008, and the cost for obese people were $1,429 higher than normal people (cdc.gov). There are a lot of factors which makes many Americans obese. The chief causes of obesity are bad food choicesRead MoreCauses Of Obesity In America1030 Words   |  5 PagesObesity is a big problem in the United States today. According to Harvard Womens Health Watch, â€Å"33% of American adults are obese, compared with 15% in the late 1970s. More than 60% of women are overweight or obese†. When it comes to losing weight, many people devotedly believe in the 80/20 rule, which is what and how a person eats is 80% of the effort in losing weight. This is somewhat disconcerting if these people live in America because of th e obesity epidemic currently going on, which is causedRead MoreCauses and Effects of Obesity832 Words   |  3 PagesThe epidemic of obesity is a medical circumstance defined as excess weight in the form of fat which may impair health. (World Obesity Federation, 2012). Obesity can be calculated by BMI which is body mass index. Obesity means BMI greater than 30. (ibid). This essay will outline the causes and effects of obesity. Diet, lifestyle, toxic environment and the causes of obesity are physical, psychological and economic are impacts. One fundamental cause of obesity is diet. Adolescence is perfect exampleRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Obesity686 Words   |  3 PagesCauses and Effects of Obesity Overview Obesity according to Birmingham and Treasure means there is an excess of adipose tissue (fat) in the body (195). Today, hardly a day goes without the mention of an obesity related issue in the news. In a way, obesity is increasingly becoming a national epidemic. As medical practitioners debate on whether or not obesity should be regarded a disease, policy makers are mulling over what course of action should be adopted so as to rein in the problem of obesity

A College Degree What’s the Point Free Essays

Nowadays there are many millionaires and even billionaires, who don’t have a college degree. Some of them quit collage while others didn’t even step foot into collage. The entertainment industry is filled with high school dropouts and people who never stepped inside college, yet these people are often millionaires, earning millions of dollars. We will write a custom essay sample on A College Degree: What’s the Point? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This leaves one wondering whether a college degree is really necessary or can one do without one. In this era that is riddled with economic recession and unemployment, the world is no longer as friendly to college graduates as it used to be in past decades. More and more fresh graduates are finding themselves unemployed or in jobs without security as the world becomes more and more competitive. John Goes argues that modern education has two purposes; to show that one was smart enough to get into college, and to show a prospective employer that one may be smart enough to learn their job-specific skills. He argues that college degrees have become the modern day IQ tests to determine employability following the ban of IQ testing of job-applicants by the governments (Goes, par4). John Goes further argues that nowadays people have been conditioned to think that anybody can get a college degree. A few decades ago it was accepted that half the people were below average. Only half the people got high school diplomas and only 1 in 20 students managed to obtain a Bachelors degree. Today the statistics indicate that there is an 80% to 90% high school diploma attainment rate (Goes, par5). What is worse is that the cost of acquiring a college degree is now very high. So high that, one Trina Thompson filled a law suite against her alma mater Monroe College for the refund of the $70,000 tuition due to the fact that no one wants to employ someone with a worthless degree. She accused the college for false advertising (Goes, par6). But, to say that college degrees are now worthless is to be shortsighted. The benefits of acquiring a college degree may not be evident in the short-term but are always plenty in the long run. The fact that more people are getting degrees nowadays does not mean that college degrees have lost their value rather it shows that college degrees have become more valuable. Acquiring a college degree definitely puts one ahead in the job market. The recession that hit the world last year resulted in the loss of many jobs. What is to note however is that the majority of the jobs lost were jobs in the manufacturing industry. These jobs were mainly blue collar jobs that were mostly taken by high school graduates and dropouts. Once the recession hit, many companies closed shop, others relocated their operations to more labor economic countries. It was reported that the US economy had shed 131,000 jobs by 6th August this year and that unemployment rates remained stuck at 9.5% (Aljazeera, par1). The private sector only managed to create 71, 000 jobs. Experts say that this rate is too slow for the country to recover its pre-recession employment rate. Blue collar jobs are routine jobs which are more manual and do not require a lot of mental output. Being manual, these jobs can be easily done by other people given the right instructions or by machines which have been programmed to do these tasks. Therefore people who work in blue collar jobs are easily dispensable. However, jobs that are more technical and requiring of high skills are often the kinds that require degrees. Even in the recession many college graduates did not lose their jobs. Even when they lost their jobs it was possible for them to search for telecommute jobs which more and more companies began to offer as alternative employment to laid off employees. High skill jobs like financial jobs and medical jobs continue to pay off in spite of the recession. What’s more college degrees attract higher pay. The acquisition of a college degree in a particular field usually makes the person specialized. Specialization leads to mastering of ones work and creating high skills which make the person a professional in his field of specialization. College graduates earn an average of $20, 000, far much more than non-college graduates (Milliken, par2). Experts argue that college graduates have significantly lower unemployment rates, rely less on public assistance and enjoy better health making them an asset to any employer and country. Because the current world is still as keen on academic certificates as it was three decades ago, perhaps even more so as competition for jobs continues to go up. It is no wonder then that professionals continue to go back to college to acquire higher degrees in order to improve their skills and therefore their chances of promotion and better pay. In fact when an employee seeks to get a promotion the best tactic would be to get a college degree, because coupled with the person’s work experience a college degree is like having gold in ones possession. Another reason for one to get a college degree would be for the purpose of self fulfillment. All of us are born with the need to excel, for some of us this need is so great that it cannot be ignored. This need is ever present within us so that if we settle for anything less that we ha envisioned for ourselves than we end up miserable. The acquisition of a college degree is one a venue of fulfilling our need to excel. Going to college has become second-nature majority of college educated parents and their children. Jay Mathews defines it as instinctual as tacking an August vacation (Mathews, par4). With so many people dropping out of high school or even never proceeding to college getting a college degree remains an achievement worth acknowledging. So many people are stuck in a job that they may not like, or a job that may not pay them nearly enough to survive and meet their basic needs and the basic needs of their families. Often the acquisition of a college degree is usually the means of achieving their desire for a better paying job and a more fulfilling one. A college degree is therefore a means of self fulfillment and acquiring the social and financial status that one dreams of. Some millionaire and billionaires may not have a college degree, but college degrees remain important and valuable. Bill Gates had to go to college in order for him to get the inspiration to start Microsoft. Even though he did not graduate he got knowledge that helped him build his dream. College is a mine of ideas and knowledge, and no one should miss out on an opportunity to acquire either or both of these. References Goes, John. What Is the Point of a College Education. 24 August 2009. 7 August 2010http://media.www.chicagoflame.com/media/storage/paper519/news/2009/08/24/Opinions/Whats.The.Point.Of.A.College.Education-3755931.shtml Aljazeera. US Employers Shed 131,000 Jobs. 6 August 2010. 7 August 2010. http://english.aljazeera.net/news/americas/2010/08/20108616525186107.html Milliken, James. Growing Importance of a College Education. 6 August 2010. 7 August 2010.http://fremonttribune.com/news/opinion/columnists/article_ab479f02-a161-11df-9183-001cc4c03286.html Mathews, Jay. Patrick Welsh Is Wrong About Too Many Going to College. 29 July 2010. 7 August 2010. http://voices.washingtonpost.com/class-struggle/2010/07/patrick_welsh_is_wrong_about_t.html    How to cite A College Degree: What’s the Point?, Papers

Effect of Amylase on Starch

Question: Write a report about the Effect of Amylase on Starch? Answer: The experiment was performed to determine the activity of salivary amylase, where the enzyme converts the starch to maltose. The enzyme hydrolyzes the-(1-4) glycosidic linkage of the starch polymers (Amira et al., 2012) into maltose and dextrin. The enzymatic action is influenced by pH and temperature (Amira et al., 2012). The amylases isolated from diverse sources (including plants, animals, and microbes) play a vital role in carbohydrate metabolism. In addition, due to associated low cost, the enzyme is being widely used in industrial production for food processing and fermentation etc. However the action of the enzyme varies from source to source. Hence the efficacy of the enzyme should be determined. The effect of amylase can be determined using iodine as an indicator. In brief the starch is treated with known concentration of amylase under identical conditions. The starch gets hydrolyzed proportionally to that of action of amylase. The starch show blue colour in presence of iodi ne solution and disappears with the degradation (conversion to smaller units) of starch. Hence the method, iodine-starch combination is used for the quantitative assessment (Xiao, et al., 2006). Amylase also shows a partial degradation of starch to amyloamylose and erythroamylose (Freeman Hopkins, 1936). As soon as the conversion is in progress the blue colour gets transformed to clear zone due to hydrolysis of starch to maltose. The results of zone of clearance obtained from the experiment are shown in Table-1 and Fig-1. Table-1: Effect of Amylase on digestion of starch based on zone of clearance Amylase conc (%) Zone of clearance/m2 0 0 0.5 40 1 80 1.5 136 2 96 2.5 128 The results suggesting that there exists haphazard pattern of results. The experimental values are not on straight-line for 2 and 2.5% amylase solutions. The zone of clearance is marginally linear to that of concentrations of amylase solution standalone (r=0.88); whereas the elimination of terminal points yielded a straight line (r=1). The correlation coefficient (r) is used as an indicator to express the linearity. The results indicate that the zone of clearance values resulted for the concentrations, 2 % and 2.5 are not in linear. Therefore these two points could be considered as the anomalies among the values. Precautions to avoid the errors Specific volumes of the samples should be pipetted accurately and trasnfrred to the glas tubes. The experiemntal considitons should be identical to all the samples. Ideally the samples should be exposed to a temperature of 37o C. In the current case, there were few errors that include improper pippeting, droping temperare from 36o C to 29o C and spillage of the samples. These are the probable reasosn for showing descreency of the results. Therefore the experiemnts showed haphzardous results. The experiemtnal errors can be minimized by care ful experimentation. The experiemnt looks to be sensitive to changes in the temperature. In addtion the method is sesnitive to changes in pH. Therefore the method further can be improved by maintaining a cosntant pH utilizing buffers and temperature for all the experiemnts. Else an advanced method based on electrophoresis (Martinez et al., 2000) may be used to yield consistent and reproducible results. References FREEMAN GG Hopkins RH (1936) The mechanism of degradation of starch by amylases: Kinetics of action of - and -amylases on starch, its components and partial degradation products. Biochemical J 30(3) p. 446-450 MARTINEZ TF., ALARCON FJ., DIAZ-LOPEZ M MOYANO FJ (2000) Improved detection of amylase activity by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with copolymerized starch. Electrophoresis. 21(14) p. 2940-3. XIAO, Z., STORMS, R TSANG, A. (2006) A quantitative starch-iodine method for measuring alpha-amylase and glucoamylase activities. Anal Biochem. 351(1) p. 146-8. AMIRA E-F., MOHAMMED AD., AHMED E-S NOHA O (2012) Starch and microbial -Amylases: from concepts to biotechnological applications, carbohydrates-comprehensive studies on glycobiology and glycotechnology, Retrieved from https://www.intechopen.com/books/carbohydrates-comprehensive-studies-on-glycobiology-and-glycotechnology/starch-and-microbial-amylases-from-concepts-to-biotechnological-applications

Hinduism And Buddhism Essays - Reincarnation, Spirituality, Shabda

Hinduism And Buddhism Religion, what is religion? Religion is a way of life, a life style, it should dictate how you live your life. However why follow a religious belief, to go to heaven, avoid the condemnation to hell, to live forever? We in western society consider ourselves a not so religious society, we say "I am Christian" or "I am Jew" or "I am an Atheist I don't believe". Keep in mind religion is a life style, it should dictate how you live your life. Sadly in western society, money and our compulsive cravings for material objects dictate our life. We are far from the highly evolved forms of religions of Hinduism and Buddhism over in the east. What are these religions? Buddhism is offshoot/reform of Hinduism. They are looked at in the same way as Judaism and Christianity are looked at (very far apart). Through this essay, I will prove - by using some of their differences as similarities - that they are very much - if not essentially the same - alike. "As an off shoot of Hinduism, Buddhism accepted the notions of karma, dharma, samsara, and moksha. It differed in its understanding ot these terms and how to achieve spiritual liberation. As Buddhism spread through south and east Asia, these differences became greater." Samsara, the "upholstered hell" , it is known in Hinduism as the endless cycle of death and rebirth, and Moksha being the supreme enlightenment, the realization of Atman the one's true self, and the liberation from samsara. Despite the fact that Moksha means Something different in Buddhism, words are meaningless but their meanings aren't. Explanation: "The ultimate goal of the Buddhist path is release from the round of phenomenal existence with its inherent suffering. To achieve this goal is to attain nirvana an enlightened state in which the fires of greed, hatred, and ignorance have been quenched." This is the essence of both religions, freedom from the ignorance of what I call "Blam"?. The central core of Buddhist teachings is the Four Noble Truths, which are: 1. All life is suffering and pain. This is more than a mere recognition of the presence of suffering in existence. It is a statement that, in its very nature, human existence is essentially painful from the moment of birth to the moment of death. Even death brings no relief. 1. Desire is the root of suffering. "People become attached to relationships or things they have, and suffer when they experience their impermanence. This impermanence leads to disappointment, which in turn leads to new cravings." My interpretation of this Noble Truth is that we suffer not because we desire but because we desire the wrong things. Meaning that what we should desire is enlightenment. 2. "Suffering and desire can be extinguished with enlightenment. The noble truth of cessation of suffering is this: It is the complete cessation of that very thirst , giving it up, renouncing it, emancipating oneself from it detaching oneself from it. 3. The way to enlightenment is to follow the Noble Eightfold Path. The Noble Truth of the path leading to the cessation of suffering is this: it is simply the Noble Eightfold path, namely right view; right thought; right speech; right action; right livelihood; right effort; right mindfulness; right concentration." These concepts are nothing pertaining to Buddhism alone, maybe they haven't listed and categorized as four noble truths but all the idea's are encompassed in Hinduism's philosophy. "Buddhism analyzes human existence as made up of five aggregates or "bundles" (skandhas): the material body, feelings, perceptions, predispositions or karmic tendencies, and consciousness. A person is only a temporary combination of these aggregates, which are subject to continual change. No one remains the same for any two consecutive moments. Buddhists deny that the aggregates individually or in combination may be considered a permanent, independently existing self or soul (atman). Indeed, they regard it as a mistake to conceive of any lasting unity behind the elements that constitute an individual. The Buddha held that belief in such a self results in egoism, craving, and hence in suffering. Thus he taught the doctrine of anatman, or the denial of a permanent soul. He felt that all existence is characterized by the three marks of anatman (no soul), anitya (impermanence), and dukkha (suffering). The doctrine of anatman made it necessary for the Buddha to reinterpret the Indian idea of repeated rebirth in the cycle of phenomenal existence known as samsara." "Atman: the one's true self, "the individual self, held by upanisic and Vedatin thought to be identical to Brahman, the

Reproductive Cloning Medicine Essay Sample

Reproductive Cloning Medicine Essay Sample Reproductive Cloning Medicine Essay Example Reproductive Cloning Medicine Essay Example In 1970, the first product of cloning process was realized. It was a sheep known as Dolly. The sheep had all the morphological features as the donor sheep. The process was successful. There was a lot of excitement among the scientists. It is ascribed to the breakthrough which was touted as the most difficult to achieve. By consequent, curiosity accrued among scientists to make other discoveries. Thus, they ventured into cloning human beings. After series of attempts, they also managed to come up with a cloned human being. The latter intrigued most scientists. However, the excitement was fleeting since a debate regarding this reproductive process cropped up. While a huge segment of people advocated for human cloning, another portion of the society condemned this process. From the unfolding above, it is categorical that the discovery of cloning human beings opened the Pandora box. It is on this premise that this discourse is hinged. The discussion highlights the ethical aspects that ma y be negatively affected by the issue of human cloning. To bolster this stand there was a decision taken by the former president of the United States of America, Bill Clinton. He condemned this process of reproduction to the extent of establishing the Anti Cloning Act of 1997. In essence, human cloning remains a danger to the ethics of the society. It is uncalled for since it disdains the general humanity as well as the Mother Nature. Hence, it should be considered unethical and must be vehemently discouraged in the society. There are various reasons as to why cloning is unethical. One of them is that cloning gives uncertain results. Numerous experiments were carried out during the process. Most of these experiments normally failed. It is a trial and error process and the chances of its success remain flimsy. It explains why, for instance, the Dolly sheep appeared after 277 tries were made. It means 276 fused eggs were subjected to this process without success (Capps Alastair 36). So many deaths of embryos were caused while trying to come up with the Dolly sheep. In cases where embryos survived to maturity, the newborn products died upon delivery. It highlights the extent to which cloning can be uncertain. Hence, it can be an extremely wasteful process. Accordingly, the process of cloning would unquestionably be detrimental to human beings. Envisage a scenario where millions of embryos are subjected to death in the process of developing human beings through cloning. Alternatively, imagine a scenario whe re children are born through cloning, only to die after delivery. Such process brings the human life into disrepute. It is true that cloned humans lack the natural aspect in them. Therefore, even if they are successfully manufactured, their lifespan is likely to be shorter in comparison to human beings born through the natural process. Uncertainty is also exhibited in the manner in which the cloned products are vulnerable to diseases; among other biological shortcomings. It has been proven that cloned products have got no adequate resistance to ecological conditions. Thus, they are susceptible to diseases, genetic damage and abnormality. Another element of uncertainty involves late manifestation of recessive genes. Under such circumstances, a whole line of people may negatively be affected by such genes. With the above facts regarding uncertainty, cloning remains a process that should not be condoned. The economical aspect of cloning is extremely wanting. It is a scientific process which involves numerous and complex procedures to succeed. It also requires expensive equipment and materials to make it successful. Engaging in large scale cloning, therefore, serves as a threat to the economy. A state which is engaged in human cloning is likely to expend too much in this complex scientific process. In addition to that, so many funds are likely to go to wastage since the percentage of success of this process is currently 1% (Smith 74). Moreover, risks that come with cloning are enormous. Cases of negligence may ensue if the process of reproduction is embraced by most states. Ultimately, it is the economy that will be impinged upon. The only viable solution is to avoid this mode and embrace the traditional way of reproduction. In any case, there is not much danger associated with natural reproduction. Intensive cloning of human beings would lead to overpopulation. Natural means of reproduction have already caused overfilling of the world with human beings. The question that pegs is why should cloning be introduced yet the number of people on earth is already huge? In case cloning is embraced, therefore, there is a high risk of adding pressure on the natural resources. The cloned humans are almost similar to natural humans when it comes to requirement for resources. It means that if cloned people are added on the globe, they will also jostle for the few resources that are sustaining the current population. It is likely to alter the food cycles and many natural processes. It may result in chaos due to shortage of natural resources. Genetic diversity is an important aspect of human beings. Unfortunately, the cloning process is likely to diminish this crucial facet. As it is known, cloning involves getting genes from a donor, which are used to create another human being. The result of this process is total similarity between the donor and the recipient. The recipient exhibits similar traits as the donor. The looks are also the same. Basically, there is no substantial discrepancy between the two beings. Considering this, it is obvious that the human beauty will be greatly affected. One of the attributes that makes life a joy to live is the diversity that characterizes humanity. Every person is born with exclusive features in all aspects. Unfortunately, cloning does not provide for these amazing features. Instead, it serves as a photocopying machine which produces the exact copy of the original product. It is a con which is unquestionably undesirable. One of the reasons why human beings can survive in most ecologic al conditions is their vast genetic makeup. It is a positive attribute that may be wiped out if cloning is embraced. Cloning creates a single species of people who have no ability to adapt in any manner. In addition, such species does not have the ability to evolve. It clearly represents that cloning could prejudice the entire natural trend which has enabled humanity to thrive in all facets. Genetic diversity is one of the cornerstones that have sustained humanity on earth. There are various potential diseases to humanity. However, these diseases have been barred from attacking human beings due to the discrepancies in genetic makeup. Such phenomenon is of a great significance as it serves as a natural shield of human beings. The worry is that cloning could create loopholes for such diseases to attack human beings. It is attributable to the ability of cloning to generate people with similar genes. It makes them susceptible to potential diseases. Religion is one of the greatest phenomena in the world. Through religion, the world has remained peaceful. In addition, religion serves as the major proponent of social norms and ethics of the society (Roetz 42). Unfortunately, cloning has posed a threat to religion. Since time immemorial, religious believes have attributed creation and destruction to God. According to the teachings of religion, no other person has the right to create apart from God. Religious societies have always taught their children that the sole creator is God. Unfortunately, the issue of human cloning is causing confusion among the religion faithful. It would be extremely difficult for the religious leaders to promulgate their messages that God is the only creator. It may occur due to the fact that cloning could exhibit that human beings can as well create other human beings. It serves a monumental threat to religion as it can make many people stop believing in religious teachings. Religious leaders are adamant that cloning should be abolished outright since it disdains humanity. It also disrepute the work of God as far as creation is concerned. Religion has sustained the world to this level. Thus, actions such as cloning should be abolished for the sake of promoting the role played by religion for the past ages. Identity crisis is another problem that cloning may hatch in the society. When a person is cloned to produce a copy of another, there is likely to be chaos as far as identification is concerned. First, the donor may lose the value he or she had before being cloned. In any case, each person is unique in his own way. When cloning is carried out, the uniqueness diminishes since two people of similar looks and traits cannot be regarded as unique (Thompson 31). Confusion as to identity may also arise where the clone may do things in the name of the donor and no one may realize this. In case of a criminal act, one may be apprehended and charged for a crime that he did not commit. These are some of the challenges that the natural way of reproduction automatically prevents. The question as to the relationship between the donor and their clone pegs too. Will the donor call the cloned being as their daughter, son, brother or sister? Such question is likened to the Pandora box. Social acceptance is a challenge that may be caused by cloning. The issue of social acceptance is twofold. Human beings are social in nature, and they would always want to be accepted wherever they are. Just like the natural beings, cloned beings would also want to be socially accepted. However, it may never come to pass. They would be regarded as people who just came into existence as organ carriers of the original people. More so, they would be regarded as secondary human beings whose existence is not through the act of God. Such perceptions could spark a row between cloned people and natural people. It is a huge threat that pro-cloning persons should consider in their quest to have cloning as a legitimate process of reproduction. On the other hand, cloning could also cause rejection of natural human beings who harbor some physical deformities. Envisage a scenario where a crippled person has a clone which is perfect with no deformity. Definitely, humanity will start despising the n atural man at the expense of the clone. In any case, the clone will appear more perfect than the natural being. It is a critical scenario that could lead to rejection of normal or natural human beings with some physical challenges. Apart from creating unbalance in the society, the social fabric is likely to be immensely affected. Parenting and family matters are likely to be distorted. Relationships also face a disruption with the introduction of cloning. The natural way of birth comes as a package of love, affection and attachment (Soraj 57). Unfortunately, cloning does not provide for these elements in a family. During cloning, fused eggs of a person are implanted in another person who has got no biological relationship with the fused egg. When they deliver, there is no single resemblance of the mother and the child. It makes the mother lack the emotional attachment to the baby. In future it weakens the family ties. Furthermore, chaos is likely to ensue in families. The natural process of reproduction enabled people to appreciate the uniqueness of each person. Whether or not the child had deformities, parents allowed them to exist. The worrying trend is likely to be ushered in cloning process. There will be v arious choices to be made. Parents, for instance, will use all means possible to get babies with utmost intelligence and extraordinary abilities. It is a huge threat to diversity since children with shortcomings will end up being disdained in the society. At the end, the equilibrium that was established by natural phenomena will be distorted. It is when humanity will start realizing problems which were not unknown before. Cloning as a reproduction process may just usher in all sorts of illegal actions. People may use this process to come up with various clones to be used in instigating illegal activities (Juviler, George Arat 108). For instance, unscrupulous people and institutions may come up with various clones to help them carry out criminal activities without being noticed. When a person, for instance, has his own clones, he may use it to commit crimes without being identified. Alternatively, black markets may be established whereby people generate and sell clones for various purposes. It can cause a huge blow to humanity since people will be perceived as property which can be manipulated in any manner as desired by the orchestrators. So many entities, nations or criminal gangs desire to have huge armies and weapons to execute their desired tasks. Cloning may be the only way to create huge armies or criminal groups. Such move is likely to add more problems to present ones, as far as security is c oncerned. Insurgents and extremists are likely to use clones to execute their heinous activities since they do not consider them as complete human beings. Extremely wealthy people involved in crime are likely to come up with their own clones for tricking law enforcers. The infamous Osama bin Laden, for instance, was believed to have clones. It gave the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Central Intelgence Agency (CIA) hard time to track and apprehend Osama bin Laden. However, whether the claims that Osama had own clones are true or not, it is a subject to confirmation. Nature is a complex process that no one has the ability to comprehend. Through natural acts, various activities on the globe flow in a smooth manner. Nonetheless, cloning is attempting to usurp the power of nature. Cloning processes do not involve natural means of reproduction. For a reproduction to occur a series of processes take place. Even though these processes are long, they have their roles in cementing the unity and cohesion of the society (Cole-Turner Brent 27). The process of reproduction is usually initiated by love. Human beings of opposite sex get in touch and are brought together through love. Love is an element that God put in humanity to facilitate procreation. Once the two people accept each other, they engage in mating. It is a sexual intercourse which leads to conception. Once conceived, it takes nine months for a child to be born. Nature causes unconditional love between the mother, the father and the child. From the sequence highlighted, one notes the value whic h nature brings in the natural reproduction process. More so, the natural mode of reproduction strengthens social aspect of the society. With cloning, nature is distorted since people can get children in any manner. Gays, for instance, may decide to have children through cloning, which is against the natural provisions. In conclusion, cloning is a scientific process that is slowly establishing its roots in the contemporary society. However, those propagating for it have failed to foresee the repercussions of this process. It is a process which would see people losing their identity. Also, it will lead to excessive criminal activities due to similarity of people. When allowed, cloning will cause unprecedented transgressions from the natural practices. It would lead to chaos and confusions in the society at large. Cloning has got the effect of destroying family ties; a cardinal link that holds the world together. Religion is an important element on this globe. Through the teachings of religion people are accorded a chance to leave in harmony. Nonetheless, cloning is likely to water down the religious believes that have been in existent for the past centuries. Science and technology are very important to the world. They have generated comfort in various ways such as transportation, communication, gover nance and socialization. It is a positive trend. However, these developments have also caused unprecedented problems to the world. For instance, pollution of the environment has been occasioned. Global warming is now a huge threat to humanity. These are some of the major problems that human beings have caused through their scientific errands. Just like the above scientific processes, cloning is not an exception. Inasmuch as one would think it is a positive invention, the consequences of this process are likely to cause much trouble to the current and future generations. It calls for sobriety in policy making regarding cloning.

Occupy Wall Street Movement Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Occupy Wall Street Movement - Research Paper Example Occupy Wall Street remains very pivotal in the US corporate, political and financial history because of the implications it brought along, as shall be seen forthwith. 1. Moral and Economic Implications Involved In the Movement So profound are the moral implications of OWS that to sidestep them is to ignore the very factors that anteceded and triggered the movement, since the genesis of OWS stands on moral grounds. The moral implication of OWS is highly positive and tending towards ethical considerations, given that participants in OWS charged that any economic system that compels the majority to shoulder the burdens of the ruling class and rich capitalist owners’ excesses and to settle the costs of inchoately run industries (through the majority’s health or financial values or both) is immoral and unacceptable. Balderston (2012) divulges that it is important to note that the moral implications of OWS are inextricably intertwined with the economic ones. Particularly, the economic implication of OWS was that which voiced and supported ethical concerns of the country’s economy, since OWS was poignant that any economic system that enriched a powerful and well-connected few at the expense of the majority and by using the majority, is unethical, illegitimate and therefore, unacceptable. One of the areas in which this matter was contested is income inequality. OWS protesters rightly argued that income inequality had been widening over the last three decades, with the culmination of this development being the unequal distribution of economic values and economic stagnation. This situation would in turn lead to the assuaging of the workers’ zeal. Again, the consideration of ethical and economic implications is exemplified by concerns that OWS aired, concerning the influence that money had on politics and debts (student loans, mortgages and credit card debts), the inconsistence that characterized the debts of individual borrowers and those of b ig financial organizations, in the wake of the 2008/9 global economic recession. To propound moral and economic implications of the OWS, the movement affirmed that all flourishing is mutual. The sentiments of the movement continued that since the world is interconnected and interdependent, any damage that would be wrought on any part would undercut the realization of the complex whole. Because of this, every individual, no matter how rich and powerful, has the responsibility to respect affirmative obligations of compassion and justice to future and present generations of all. 2. Analyzing each of the implications identified above against the utilitarian, Kantian, and virtue ethics to determine which theory best applies to the movement The moral and economic implications discussed above also go hand-in-glove with the standpoint that utilitarians take. The veracity of this standpoint is seen in the fact that utilitarianism vouches for the greatest good for the highest number [possible ]. The applicability of the moral implication which stated that any economic system that compels the majority to shoulder the burdens of the ruling class and rich capitalist owners’ excesses and to settle the costs of inchoately run industries (through the majority’s health or financial values or both) is immoral and unacceptable to utilitarianism is that the majority who are the economically oppressed and exploited

IT systems failure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT systems failure - Essay Example The procurement manager crossed the limits by giving warnings and transferring the employees to other departments. The abovementioned problem has been identified and categorized as the cultural dimension problem among the technical, cultural and managerial dimensions of the problems (Feghali & Zbib, 2007). Being a project manager, I would recommend to not only involve the end-users in the development of the E-Pro system but also to earn their confidence; to do this is a desperate need. As the end-users are always helpful in identifying the issues and problems of the existing processes, they can provide valuable input for solving the identified problems. The end-users can also help review the prototypes and provide feedback, which needs to be incorporated before the final deployment of the IT systems. Moreover, the end-users should also be involved in the testing phase of the project. This leads to a conclusion that the effective end-users involvement not only saves money but also mak es the IT project successful (Kastner, 2010). Recommendation II The second problem that I have identified in the given case of E-Pro system development is the mismanagement of the key stakeholders. The IT and procurement manager has mismanaged not only the external stakeholders but also the internal stakeholders, who have a direct impact on the development of the system. ... In the case, the suppliers had not been informed about the development of the E-Pro system before the project was started. When the procurement manager informed the suppliers in the middle of the project, they had a number of concerns regarding the development of the E-Pro system; still, they have been ignored by the procurement manager. Due to this behaviour of the procurement manager, the suppliers became a hurdle in the success of the project. Keeping in view the abovementioned fact and being a project manager, I would recommend that all the stakeholders be informed about the situation in advance. It is always good to develop consensus in early stages of the project; it helps reduce the probability of disagreements or conflicts, which are harmful for the successful implementation of the project. Recommendation III I would recommend that superiors be always informed about the progress of the project as well as the issues that are being faced in the project. According to the case st udy, the IT and procurement manager did not inform the managing director of the company about the then current state of the E-Pro project. Initially, they did not inform the managing director regarding the lack of confidence and conflicts with the employees or end users of the developing system. And then nobody informed the managing director that even the suppliers were not happy and had a few concerns regarding the development of the E-Pro system. Eventually, when the managing director was informed, the situation had already been out of control and the company needed to abandon the project. It has been identified as â€Å"lack of information flows among all stakeholders involved† and has been categorized as a cultural

The Transformational Leadership Style Business Essay

The Transformational Leadership Style Business Essay This assignment describes the development and transformation process of State Trading Organization Public limited (Here Onward STO). STO strived to provide to Maldivian market, products ranging from staples (like rice sugar and flour), medicine, quality merchandise, and improved construction material, oil and state-of-the-art consumer goods as well other general trading products. Due to newly established democracy and regulations, innovation imported by FDI and service level challenges STO to fundamentally rethink their business and reformulate their strategies. The nation was growing, and so were the nations demands. The organization is established in the year 1964. For four decades STO was known as the market leader. However, it lasted till the industry was opened for foreign and domestic competition in 2005 under economic and political reforms in 2001. Hence, STO foreseeing the competitive and political challenges, the organizing aimed a broader transformation towards becoming a market oriented company. This paper will cover mainly two sections. Firstly, the paper has studied the company background as the introduction of this assignment. Secondly, it has attempted to understand why change is important for organizations to adopt in todays business environment. Therefore, through highlighting on the external factors such as political, Economical, Social and Technological factors (PEST factors) that are as drivers of change, has been given importance as the literature of the subject. Consequently, the main part of the paper: finding the facts, assessing the findings, discussing and analyzing the situation which will help in understanding the strengths and weakness of the subject being studied in this assignment was thoroughly evaluated as the primary component of the paper. In addition, it has given insights into the importance of leadership in bringing changes effectively and explains the opposition and challenges faced by STO. Thus, causing STO to reconsider and reformulate in various business strategies like Leadership, people engagement and change management methods to become customer friendly and improve its image. This assignment will highlight various future challenges awaiting STO and recommendation for actions. INTRODUCTION Company Background The beginning of State Trading Organization Plc, (formerly known as (ATA) Athireege maafannu Trading Agency) is a registered organization. The roots of State Trading Organization PLC, dates back to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦(website) 1964 when it was opened to finance the purchasing and importation of essential food items needed for the Maldivian community in bulk. Today STO has sustained this important responsibility to oversee the food security concerns of government and diversified into many other areas of importance such as energy needs of the country which has now become part and parcel of STOs mandate. Within the framework that includes these two areas, STO has diversified and is also competitively engaged in trading in other areas including Consumer Electronics, Home appliances, Medicals, Canned foods, Health foods and a range of other high quality products. This has been achieved by direct procurement and distribution as well as forming joint ventures to effectively trade in areas where STO might have been at disadvantage had STO not been able to do so, while still maintaining a strong hold with the Government as the primary trading partner of choice. State Trading Organization plc with its subsidiaries, a joint ventures and associates is a nationwide leader in the business sector. It has significant and focused interests in petroleum, construction materials, electronic items, cooking gas, cement, roofing sheets products, home appliances, super markets and insurance. The company is geographically diverse, with operations and developments in Maldives and Singapore. Diversification is the one of the most important strategies in STO. Therefore STO is entering different business sector like, Tourism, aviation, oil business, construction, agricultural produce and real estate business. METHOD OF INVESTIGATION Most of the information about the various strategies utilized by STO to face competitive challenges was acquired through numerous interviews with managers and employees of STO. Other pieces of information were also gathered through the companys website and local media. The websites and publications of the governments numerous ministries and departments are considered the main sources of information on topics related to the governments policies, regulations and laws. Information regarding trade regulations and policies are taken from the Ministry of Economic Developments annual reports, as well as from the statistical reports that they periodically publish online. In addition to these sources several pieces of information were also acquired through STOs annual report of 2011 and the Quarterly report of 2012 LITERATURE REVIEW The liberalization of Maldives economy and trade regulation has led to market widening , attraction of new foreign investments in well known companys and competition that has led to reduced prices, latest and innovative services, quality products and better customer care. As is suggested by Bortolotti, Bernanrdo, Juliet DSouza, Marcella Fantini, and DomenicoSiniscalco(2002 cited in SilivioContessi 2004 p.3)1the infrastructure investment fosters market interaction and competition through three channels direct market selection, restructuring and entry. As is the theme of this paper, how leadership and people engagement transformed and restructured STO to a market oriented firm to confront the competition from FDI. However, the liberalization was not fully effective due to the certain exclusivities provided to STO such as Government major share. Recent changes in political platform and FDI regulation STO need to be able to adapt different leadership style like, autocratic, democratic leadership Style and other shifting circumstances and cope with those changes (Moment, 2007)2.   Every organization needs leaders who can change as fast as market conditions do (Newcomb, 2005, p. 34)3.   Business needs can change rapidly and employees look to their leaders to guide them through change.   Uncertainty in leaders can lead to a lack of faith by employees. Good leadership is critical to a successful school. Success comes from aiming high with the clear vision, ethos and communication that good leadership brings. We will act to support high quality school leadership and inspired ambitious school communities. (Ambitious, Excellent Schools Our Agenda for Action, Scottish Executive, 2004, p5)4 Research into transformational leadership in organizations has found links to improved employee commitment (Barling,webberKelloway ,1996)5,heightened trust in leadership (Bass B.M.,1990),and stronger connection with the vision (Howell and Shamir,2005)5 and thus alignment of effort with the (change) goal (Shamir,House, Arthur,November 1993 ) cited in cited in Sherry Scully 2008)5. Based on the research results it could be concluded transformational leadership may be more appropriate for STO undergoing transformation where motivation of employees and commitment to change comes from their intrinsic motivation. Future leaders and employee engagement will need to be conversant in doing business internationally and conceiving strategies on a global basis. Globalization will intensify the requirement that senior leaders deal effectively with a complex set of constituencies external to the organization. (e.g., responsibility for managing the companys interface with trade, regulatory, political, and media groups on a wide range of issues). Leadership development is rapidly moving to include substantial components involving international markets, world economic trends, and focus on particular regions such as the Asia Pacific rim (Cacioppe, 1998)6. Kotler and Heskett (1992 Cited inRezaGharoieAhangar 2009)7 identify successful leaders as those who repeatedly communicate their vision, allow people to challenge these messages and stimulate middle managers to take up the cause and provide leadership themselves, characteristics similar to transformational leadership. Likewise leaders foster an environment for building intellectual, managerial and leadership capabilities. The whole concept of transformational leadership linked with HPW is a process by which leaders and followers raise one another to a higher moral and motivational level Burns (1978 Cited in Reza 2009)7.Through this process senior managers share organizations vision to intellectually inspire, stimulate and empower the subordinates. (Bass and Avolio, 1994 cited in Reza 2009)7. 4.0 FACTS, FINDINGS Political Environment In year 1964, Maldives was a very peaceful and stable country. After 2008, the market has become volatile characterized with higher degree of uncertainty and complexity due to our political environment and reform movement. On average new regulations and laws are passed and enacted every month. Along with the democratization process came various legal changes to the economy including the introduction and changes to several laws and regulations, notably, the business profitability tax, Good and service tax, Tourism Tax, Tourism Land Rent, Bank Profit Tax, Duty Free Royalty, Foreign Investment Royalty, Fuel Re-Export Royalty and re-export tax directly influencing the STO business. The fact was highlighted in the STO Annual Report (2011 p.3) as a risk. The newly elected president in 2008 resigned half way through his term and claimed he resigned duress. Many believe its a coup. Therefore, our political environment is at very high risk. This volatile and serious political environment is affecting each and every business of this country. The political situation influenced the business strategies of STO. Hence, most of the decisions were politically driven instead of the business motive. Economical: Global recession hit badly along with the rising fuel prices. It had adversely affected the company in two ways. Firstly, recession has led to fall in income, so consumers are spending less on Home improvement items (like Electronics, kitchen appliance) resulting in decrease sales and increasing storage cost and thus in the drop in company profitability. The unexpected plunge in exchange rate of Rufiyaa against US Dollar, coupled with the continuing problem of foreign exchange shortages caused major impact on the business performance. This was highlighted in the STO annual report (2011 p.7 MDs Message).The depreciation of the Maldivian Currency (Rufiyaa) following the introduction of the exchange rate band in April 2011. Shortage of foreign currency reserve (US Dollar) is affecting STOs business. Because STO is importing most of the items from Singapore, Japan, Dubai and chain. Due to the change in government in 2008, changes to the trade policy and the implementation of new tax laws and regulation brought many challenges to STO in terms of foreign currency transactions. Social: Image of the company: Over the past few decades STO has been one of most leading and reputed company in Maldives (price and Quality).Due to recent changes in political and economic environment, STO is facing many challenges to maintain its reputation. STO is participated and contributed to a number of social activities that are designed to positively contribute to our socio-economic development and towards protecting our natural environment. These activities are in line with the company policy of being an exemplary leader in corporate social responsibility.(annual report 2011p.07) Due to the extensive government intervention on STOs business decisions, STOs reputation and image are affected According to daily newspaper (Haveeru daily) STO is engaging in corruption and fraudulent trading in Singapore. This created bad publicity and tainted the image of the company. Technology: STO understands the importance of developing its technology infrastructure and considers continuous changes in business environment and advancement in technology. In line with this, STO management team decided and implemented the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) to improve productivity, reducing operational cost and improving internal control and monitoring. This system provides day-to-day information to make decisions which will facilitate to transform the future of STO and employee engagement. STO has implemented the human resources module of the ERP system, which will facilitate more efficient management of payroll and other staff related matters(Annual Report 2011 p.07). EFFECTIVELY An organization cannot run without proper vision and guidance of a leader. In todays changing world the role of leadership is even more essential, to show direction towards change, convince employees and finally to set a strong foundation to successfully carrying out change. Faced with Political, Economical and Foreign competition, STO underwent recent changes where by its major strategies were rethought strengthening the whole strategic process through integration, bundling, Diversifying and focusing new industries like, Tourism and Real estate (Annual Report 2011, p.25) .STOs major shareholder the government as well as shareholders have to evolve and transform with the changes to the business environment to achieve a successful future for STO. Hence, the following part gives insight into the topic precisely. Transformational leadership style Developing vision After these major changes in business environment, STO is moving forward to achieve its vision. STO had a vision to become the most successful and the most efficient parent company (of a diversified group of subsidiaries) in the Maldives by the year 2014. Investing on tourism, real estate and aviation (Annual Report 2011, p.25) would allow STO to achieve its corporative goals. Therefore, it has to be noted that STOs vision is in accordance with one of the cores of transformational leadership. Finding the way deal with this dramatic changes STOs Board and Management team has charismatic personality which drives people to believe in leadership and that can influence people about change like how it is embedded into STOs slogan evolving with. Thus, a charismatic leader like the newly appointed Chairman and directors (appointed 2012) has used their personality leadership style to enhance the business by setting clear values and supportive culture for the employees as well as for the company. Due to major changes in political environment and the economy in Maldives, leaders must confront and take bold steps rather than being in the background even after changes in order to set an example for others and to ensure long term success of change plan as the external environment is very uncertain. HUMAN RESOURCE AS STRATEGIC ASSET STO promotes itself as employees are the most important asset in the organization with HR best practices. To promote HR strategy, implement the human resources module of the ERP system, which will facilitate more efficient management of payroll and other staff related matters. Among these STO has stated its HR strategy as follows: Selective hiring , retention and extensive development of employees STO promotes itself as an employees brand and this perception by the public has given STO distinctive benefits in terms of better attraction of necessary and new skills, employee retention and engagement making it easy for STO selective hiring and retention. STO strives to attract and retain a productive and an enthusiastic workforce. The Company ensures its remuneration packages are competitive. In order to motivate staff to attain higher levels of productivity, employees are given an incentive bonus of 3% of the net profit for the year if the company exceeds its annual profit targets(Annual Report 2011, p.27) Recognizing Employees commitment STO is able to create commitment among their employees. STO realizes that commitment is ultimately personal. To recognize employees hard work, shields of appreciation are given to those who serve more than 15 years and best employees (Annual Report 2011, p.27). Training and development of Employees Oakland, CA January 16, 2012 Bersin Associates, the premier research and consulting firm empowering Human Resource (HR) organizations to drive bottom-line impact, today announced new research that shows spending on employee development rose 9.5 percent to an average of $800 per learner in 2011, as organizations moved to combat the current skills gap in the labor market. During the year, STO conducted many short-term training programs, and provided career deployment opportunities to its employees in many different professional are as (Annual Report 2011, p.27). Employees engagement Most of the organizations are facing new challenges due to development of social media such as twitter and face book. Organizations need to have employees engagement strategy to overcome the challenges. Employee engagement plays a vital role in motivating the performance levels of the workforce. A motivated employee will seek out ways to accomplish a task. Employee engagement illustrates the commitment and energy that employees bring to work and is a key indicator of their involvement and dedication to the organization. Employees who are engaged are more productive, content and more likely to be loyal to an organization. When organizations put sound HR practices in place, they are more likely to discover that employees feel satisfied, safe and will work to their full potential .Therefore STO recognizing, values, support, feeling in different situation like, providing financial support through staff loan, discounts and awarding long service staff every year. Striving to attract and retain a productive and an enthusiastic workforce, STO recreation club (STORC) conducts many sport events to help foster camaraderie and team spirit among staffs.(Annual Report 2011, p.28). Performance management According to the University of California, Berkeley is committed to a performance management system that fosters and rewards excellent performance. Effective performance management aligns the efforts of supervisors and employees with departmental and campus goals, promotes consistency in performance assessment, motivates all employees to perform at their best, and is conducted with fairness and transparency. (Cited in http://hrweb.berkeley.edu/performance-management). STO has also been taking measures to evaluate and manage the performance of both individual employees and departments through performance auditing on HR and also through a performance evaluation at the end of every financial year. HPW and Employee Engagement STO is adopting high performance working practices through SAP ERP system. The system helps to align a complex set of organizational elements including Strategy, vision, Mission, and goal, management practice, organizational structure, work practices and process human resource and other systems such as technology. Continuous high performance work systems have been cited by STO and the company is now transitioning to a high performance working system. This will require the development of a strong communication system and organizational restructuring. CONCLUSION Transforming whole business environment in Maldives (PEST) factors are affecting STO business. Domestic and international competition STO has managed to retain its market position. As new challenges emerge the change process will be an ongoing process to maintain market position. As now STO has completely lost its remaining exclusivities it will face new challenges from Multinational chain like (ACE hardware) over retaining customers. Excellent HR practices and efforts retain existing employees as well as new. To tackle the future challenges STO is developing its human resource, redesigning organizational structure, using latest technology and innovative software to efficiency and effectiveness of its operation. To achieve organization mission and vision, STO is adopting high performance working practices, increasing employee engagement, review STO pay package and career development opportunities. Furthermore investing eco-friendly products and engaging CSR to transform the future challenges. Therefore STO come to a decision to diversify its business into different area like, aviation, real estate business and tourism industry to improve its financial performance. This will attract more investors and shareholders as well as all stakeholders. So this strategy will bring more opportunities to the business as well as public in future. RECOMMENDATION Dynamic and complex business and Political environment STO is facing many challenges as well as opportunities in future. Therefore STO needs to be more proactive to these changes, which can be perceived by the knowledgeable among the corporate: Even though STO is government owned company (Major Shareholders), too much of government influence and political motive decision may not be business and profit oriented. It should be balanced in terms of politics and profit or business. As STO faces new challenges due to implementing EPR system, lack of trained employees. Therefore STO need to Investing in training programs helps employees develop personally and professionally to adopt this incremental changes in its processes and operation especially the way HR works, good and services are delivered to the end customer for this transformational change alone will not do. STO need to implement more monitoring and control mechanism to employee recruitment, Conflict resolution at workplace. STO need to developed HR Policies and procedures and communicate the values of its organization and provide everyone fair and transparent promotion and rewarding system. 9.0BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Sung, Johhny and Ashton, David.High Performance Work Practices: linking strategy and skills to performance outcomes. s.l.  : Department of Trade and Industry, UK, 2005. 2. Schuler, A J. [Online] 2003. [Cited: 3 November 2011.] http://www.schulersolutions.com. 3. Recklies, Dagmar. [Online] 2001. [Cited: 4 November 2011.] http://www.themanager.org. 4. Canterucci, Jim. [Online] 2001. [Cited: 3 November 2011.] http://www.corpchange.com. 5. Nickols, Fred.Four Change Management Strategies. s.l.  : Distance Consulting LLC, 2010. Mike Millmore Philip Lewis Mark saunders, adrian Thornhill Trevor Morrow(2007) Strategic Human Resource Management contemporary issues Jon M. Werner and Randy L. Desimone (5th Edition) Human Resources Development Post :GauravAkrani Date : 12/27/2009 08:52:00 PM IST Comments (2) Lables : Management, Study Notes Craig W. Fontaine, Ph.D.(August 2007) NortheasternUniversity College of Business Administration A Critical Factor for Organizational Effectiveness and Employee Satisfaction Charlotte RaynerDerekadam-Smith, Managing Leading People (2nd Edition, chapter-9) Recruitment Selection Employee-engagementmaximizing-organizational-performance PERSONAL EXPERIENCE Throughout the work for this Assignment, I have learned how organizations operate and the challenges they face. I understood from this work that, regardless of how smooth and successful an organization is, changing and adopting leadership style are always needed. It may be in the target market, management, human resource or technology used by the organisation. For these reasons, if handled carefully with the right tools, change can be smooth and successful. I m confident, that I will be able to apply the techniques that I have learned from this work in all stages of my career.

Examine the Key Concepts of the Ontological Argument for the Existence of God

1b) Examine the key concepts of the ontological argument for the existence of God (18) The ontological argument rests on the premise that the universe’s existence is contingent- it depends on something else to exist. The argument is deductive, analytic and a priori, and was first formed by St. Anselm, who prayed for a short argument that would prove God to be â€Å"that than which nothing greater can be conceived†.This prayer was called the proslogion and tried to prove God by means of reductio ad absurdum, which states that the existence of God is logically necessary. The argument is based on the word â€Å"God†, a being that possesses all perfections, therefore must exist. Anselm was aware that the existence of God is denied by atheists and in response to this, he states â€Å"the fool has said in his heart there is no God†. Descartes later reformulated the ontological argument, who sought to prove the existence of God through reason alone.He stated that he exists, and in his mind he has the concept of a perfect being, and as an imperfect being, he could not have conjured up the idea of a perfect being, therefore this idea must have originated from the perfect being itself, and this perfect being must exist in order to be perfect, consequently a perfect being exists. He also stated that the idea of God is the idea of a perfect being, and a supremely perfect being has all perfections, existence is perfection, a supremely perfect being must have existence, therefore it is impossible to think of God as not existing, hence God exists.Gaunilo stated that if the ontological argument was applied to things other than God, then it led to invalid conclusions. He applied Anselm’s premise to the idea of a perfect island: I can conceive of an island that no greater island can be thought of; such an island must possess all perfections; existence is a perfection; the island exists. He also stated that the views of the â€Å"greatest islan d† would be subjective. Kant stated that â€Å"existence is not a predicate†, which would flaw both Anselm and Descartes arguments.He observed that existence is not associate with the definition of something since it does not add to our understanding of that thing; â€Å"it would be self-contradictory to posit a triangle, yet reject its three angles†. Russell furthered Kant’s idea, and stated that we should consider the claims that a) all cows have tails and b) all unicorns have horns. Grammatically, this is correct, however, it does not state whether they exist, and therefore does not provide explicit information. Similarly, Hume stated that the argument makes false assumptions about existence; â€Å"we cannot define something into existence†.

Failure Of Socialization Essay

Socialization is the process through which one learns his or her culture and how to live within it. Failure in socialization therefore means that one does not learn his or her culture and ultimately how to live within it. This is a source of problems of all nature and scope. Socialization imparts an individual with moral norms, motives, values, attitudes, language, symbols, and social roles. These are crucial aspects to any individual’s life and they represent all key fields that guide one’s entire life. The failure of a convenient and effective socialization process could therefore lead to a whole host of problems and complications to the subject in question. Socialization agents are responsible for an individual’s self concept, emotions, behavior, and attitudes. (Chinoy 1961) There are equally important agents responsible for socialization or failure of socialization of an individual. These agents include the family, education, peer groups, the media, religion, work place and the state. The family is arguably the most important agent of socialization and is usually responsible in determining one’s career goals and religion. Failure of socialization at the family level could have the most severe effects to an individual and the course of his life. (Clausen 1968) Failure of Socialization Fetus socialization Recent study has suggested that the socialization process starts at the womb as opposed to earlier when socialization was thought to begin when a child is conceived. This therefore means that failure of socialization (if it occurs) starts at the mother’s womb. Doctors earlier believed that the process that a fertilized egg follows until it becomes a baby had a definite genetic path. This however has been proved not to be true. Doctors now believe that fetal development is a complicated affair between the genes of the baby and the information relayed to it by the mother. The mother transmits signals to the fetus and the fetus chooses one path over another. This multiplicity of choices leads to long time changes to the baby’s body organs as well as to the level of brain sensitivity. (Warren 2009) Although this kind of research is at its earlier stages, there is substantial evidence to prove that indeed the interactions of the fetus within the first nine months have major effects on life after birth. A baby’s days in the womb and the nature of his experiences influences his emotional and physical make up for the rest of his years. For instance, if the mother is stressed and anxious during her pregnancy maybe because of financial constraints or a troubled marriage, the stress hormone cortisol may reach the baby (fetus). The fetus develops fewer brain receptors to sense cortisol presence because it does not need many. Having fewer receptors does however change an individual’s ability to cope in life at a later stage. When hormone cortisol reaches a certain point in the bloodstream, the system ceases producing the hormone and everything returns to normal. The problem is that, people with fewer receptors do not sense the right time to stop hormone cortisol production. High levels of the hormone in the body create a wear and tear in the body. It also makes it difficult for a person to handle strong emotions without withdrawing or lashing out. The inability to handle strong emotions may result to the person getting depressed or much stressed. In a study that targeted women in England, those who had high levels of anxiety during pregnancy gave birth to children with twice the rate of behavioral and emotional problems at the age of ten. (Chamberlain 2009) Robert Harris, a convicted murderer executed in the State of California gas chambers, was born almost three months early when his father kicked his mother brutally in the abdomen. Harris would be subjected through many other violent experiences by his parents, violence he later on turned on innocent people. When Harris was twenty five years old, he shot dead two teenagers, laughed at them as he calmly ate some hamburgers they had bought for lunch. Recent research has suggested that criminals have poorly functioning brains. Research has also suggested that there is substantial evidence to justify labeling violent and criminal behavior as a disorder resulting from impairment of the prefrontal area as well as other dysfunctions and brain injuries. For instance, a study conducted on juveniles on death row found a consistent pattern of paranoid misconception, neurological impairment, and low intelligence quotient among these juveniles. These brain based origins of violence start when the child is still in the womb of his mother. Having an impaired brain means that one would have a more difficulty life, more frustration, and little self control. This gives rise to misery, violent and criminal behavior and even death. (Chamberlain 2009) Attachment Attachment is the reciprocal process through which emotional connection is developed between an infant and a caregiver. It is a binding psychological and emotional tie that an individual forms and that lasts over a period of time. Infants develop attachment to their main care givers especially mothers, fathers, day care workers, grandparents, and other siblings. Reciprocal socialization is a bidirectional socialization process. For instance, children interact with their parent and their parents give them feedback. A mother-infant interaction is at times symbolized as a dialogue in which subsequent actions of the both parties are closely coordinated. The mother and the infant can match each other’s actions, as in when they both engage in mutual smiles. The parent also serves to support a child’s efforts therefore allowing the child to be more skillful. This is all part of the attachment process. According to attachment theorists, attachment is necessary if a child is to have a normal social and emotional development. A secure relationship with adult caregivers is necessary for the survival and healthy development of a child. Attachment influences an infant’s physical, psychological and cognitive development. It is also the basis for a child’s development of either trust or mistrust. Attachment is imperative to a child’s development because it shapes how a child learns, relates to the world, forms, and maintains relationship throughout his entire life. It is necessary for infants to stay near familiar people because this brings safety advantages to their early adaptation environment. Secure attachment takes place when an infant experiences constant care and gets emotional essentials from a caregiver. When the process of attachment is disrupted, the infant may fail to develop a secure base needed for a healthy survival and development. Factors which impair or harm a healthy or a secure attachment include;  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Multiple caretakers.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hospitalization.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Painful medical processes.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inadequate prenatal care.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prenatal drug and alcohol abuse.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neurological problems. (Moss 2008) Poor attachment causes the child to have inner feelings of insecurity, intense anger, and self hate. Below are some common causes of attachment problems: Sudden separation of the infant from the main caregiver either through removal, death, illness etc. Abuse (physical, emotional or sexual) by an adult. Infant pain or medical condition that a caregiver cannot alleviate. A depressed caregiver. Inadequate or inconsistent attention and care. Neglect. Separation is a physical as well as an emotional experience for an infant and can take place either before birth or after birth. Separation is usually accompanied by violence from the child. The connection between a baby and the mother during gestation is total and holistic. Attachment demands that a child be constantly and consistently taken care of by one person. A baby has his own mechanism of knowing whether he is taken care of or is being rejected and neglected. (Johnson 1961) In a study conducted in Sweden, Finland, and Czechoslovakia for more than thirty years, mothers were denied abortion and compelled to give birth and raise their children. As the children grew older, they demonstrated a greater risk for not only social but also psychiatric problems compared to stable subjects. Majority of those unwanted children turned out to be delinquents and had a three times higher chance of being in the criminal register.   Research has shown that children who never had a consistent close relationship with anyone (attachment) lack conscience even when they grow up. They have a probability of becoming psychopathic killers because they have no affectionate emotions. Because of going through an early life unattached, they lack empathy, guilt, and trust and can even kill without caring. Psychologist Andrew Feldmar observed four teenagers who were repeatedly trying to commit suicide at the same time each year. When he did research on those four cases, he realized that their mothers had attempted abortion at the same time of the year that those adolescents were attempting suicide. (Carlie 2002) Any traumatic separation of the infant from the mother or the primary caregiver due to illness, injury, or any other traumatic cause follows the child throughout his life until it is dealt with in the proper manner. Until this traumatic separation is confronted and dealt with, there is a possibility of detrimental psychosis to occur which will impact the person negatively. Such detrimental impact can be manifested in several ways such as troubled relationships, and trouble with authority in general. Individuals who lack proper socialization during attachment have a higher risk of finding themselves in prisons. (Moss 2008) Children who have experienced problematic attachment exhibit some observable behaviors. These behaviors include; When children with problematic attachment develop into adulthood, they become unable to engage in reciprocal relationships. They feign charm and are superficially engaging. They also show indiscriminate affection to strangers unintentionally. They rarely have direct eye contact with whomever they are communicating with. They are poor in forming lasting peer relationships and have a low esteem. They can be very demanding at times. Children who have experienced problematic attachment have poor cause and effect thinking. They have a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is difficult for them to learn from mistakes. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They experience learning problems. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They have poor control of impulses. They have an emotionally disturbed development. For instance they; a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have abnormal speech patterns b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Have abnormal eating behavior. (Moss 2008) They have puerile fear, anxiety, aggression, and rage. Their conscience develops poorly. They may become chronic liars, thieves, and generally cruel to other people for no reason. They may become destructive to themselves as well as others without caring much about their actions and behavior. They may also destroy property maliciously. A negative attachment cycle. The child is likely to have difficulties fitting in the family because; a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   He engages in negative behavior that cannot escape the parents’ and siblings’ notice. b.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Due to the nature, extent, and consistency of negative behavior the parents are constantly engaged in quarrels with the child hence aggravating the situation. c.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The distance and the connection between the parent and the child is severed There is a direct correlation between the effects of failure of socialization in attachment and antisocial personality disorder. Failure of socialization during attachment not only causes relationship failure throughout a person’s life but also produces criminals. (Moss 2008) Anti-social personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder is a persistent pattern of disregard and violation of other people’s rights that begin in early years (childhood or adolescence) and continues into adulthood. For a person to be categorized as having this condition, he must have attained the age of eighteen and must have a history of conduct disorder. Individuals with this type of condition are sometimes labeled as psychopaths or sociopaths. This condition is characterized with general lack of conscience and a weak capability to control aggressive urges and defer gratification. It does not necessarily lead to criminal and violent behavior in itself but rather individuals with this condition are more prone to violent and criminal behavior. Individuals with antisocial personality disorder differ in their control abilities and general desires. Some researchers though indicate that these labels are not synonymous with the antisocial personality disorder. As indicated earlier, the socialization process is responsible for imparting an individual with moral norms, motives, values, attitudes, language, symbols, and social roles.